CAS ES 105 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - List Of Rocks On Mars, Earth, Mountain

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CAS ES 105
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
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Origin of Earth’s atmosphere
Partial melting resulted in outgassing about 4 bya
Similar to cases emitted from volcanoes or cracks in rocks
Mainly water vapor
CO2 and Hydrogen
Other gases methane and ammonia
Earth cools
Where did oceans come from?
Two sources of water: Outgassing and comets
Water vapor released by outgassing
Condensed as rain
Accumulation in ocean basins
Took 20 my
About 4 bya
Ice comets maybe were also important to adding water in the earth system
Formation of the atmosphere and ocean
Hot surface caused water vapor to continue condensing until earth cooled
and there was enough water
Planet water
70.8% of earth is covered by water
97% in Salt Water of oceans and seas
2% Fresh Water lakes and rivers
1% snow and ice as glaciers
.00057% atmospheric water
an ion is an atom or molecule where the total number of electrons is equal
to the total number of protons, giving it a net pos or neg electrical charge
(cations vs anions)
Types of Bonds
ionic electrons are gained or lost
covalent electrons shared
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hydrogen intermolecular bond of hydrogen with an electroneg atom
ex. Sodium chloride(ionic) NaCl
ex. Water (covalent) H20; 105 degree angle between two hydrogens, pos
on one end and neg on other, dipolar, polar molecule, universal solvent
WATER TO WATER bond (hydrogen)
cohesion- water molecules stick to each other, bead together
adhesion water sticking to solids
surface tension water strider
humans 65% water
blood 83%
plants 95%
jellyfish 99%
water molecules vibrate, adjacent molecules tug and pull on neighbors which
absorbs a small amount of red light leaving more blue for us to see in pure
water and ice
water can surround any type of molecule bc it has both pos and neg ends…
salt to make salt water
Salinity
Total amount of solid material dissolved in water (not including dissolved
organic substances; it is the ratio of the mass of dissolved substances to the
mass of the water sample); it does not include fine particles in suspension
Dissolved cant see particulate can see
Organic with some kind carbon
Filters today - .2 micron to pass thru
Rain dissolves rocks!
Dissolved compounds (ions) accumulate in ocean basins
Estuary fresh water meets sea water
Ocean salinity based on balance between input and output of ions (sea-
surface salinity PSU) arctic is least saline; Mediterranean has higher bc it’s
concentrated
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