Discussion 1 09/23/2010
Descriptive Studies:
Case studies: detailed description of an individual, cannot generalize to population
Observations (laboratory and naturalistic): cannot infer causation
Tests: objective, but might not survive testretest and may be culturally biased
Surveys/questionnaires: reach to a large sample size, but easy for people to lie on, may be biased
+ and +, and : Positive
+ and , and +: Negative
Correlation Coefficient (r):
1.00 (perfect negative correlation) to +1.00 (perfect positive correlation)
+/ .500 may suggest correlation
Do an Experiment:
Ask a specific question
Define independent and dependent variables
Independent is manipulated, affects dependent
Dependent is measured
Choose sample size
Assign participants to a controlled or experimental group
Have informed consent
Verbal assent
Follow ethical guidelines! Discussion 2 09/23/2010
Body Rhythms and Mental States Discussion 2 09/23/2010
Dream Theories Revealed – Chapter 5
Psychoanalytic Theory
Dreams are fantasies that we are unaware of
Express desires repressed during waking life which are sexual and violent in nature
All dreams have meanings that can be interpreted
Characters and actions in dreams can be disguised/distorted
Manifest content (what you see) vs. latent content (what it actually means)
ProblemFocused Theory
Dreams are ongoing conscious preoccupations from waking life
There is no disguising, dream conveys the message as it is
Dreams provide a way to solve and look for answers to current problems
Depressed people going through recovery tend to have more and more positive dreams
Those not going through recovery (only depressed) tend to have negative dreams
No explanation for recurrent dreams (repetitive dream)
Sometimes dreams are about very complex things that are not associated with the rest of one’s life
Cognitive Theory (Cognition = Thinking)
Dreams describe current concerns Discussion 2 09/23/2010
Dreams are another way of thinking while sleeping
Brain does not shut down when sleeping – works the same way, perceptual and cognitive processes are
still working despite lack of sensory information
As cognition matures, dreams change in quality
ActivationSynthesis Theory
Neurons firing during REM sleep produce images
The cortex quest for meaning!
No hidden message in the dream
No interpretation
Carl Gustav Jung
Collective Unconscious – Part of our unconscious is shared
Contains all the archetypes (symbols) that humanity (communities, cultures) put together
Mother: Caretaker
Tree: Protection, symbol for life, being human, rooted to the earth, etc. Discussion 3 09/23/2010
Five Major Behaviorists
Pavlov :
Salivation in Dogs (Classical conditioning)
Watson :
Classical Conditioning (Created term)
Little Albert
*Thorndike :
Law of Effect
Mazes/Puzzles for cats
Skinner :
Operational Conditioning Skinner Box
*Bandura : (Still Alive)
SocialCognitive Psychology
Observational Learning
Bobo Doll Experiment Discussion 3 09/23/2010
Learning and Conditioning – Chapter 7
Ivan Pavlov (18491936)
Russian physiologist who studied salivation in dogs as part of an experiment about digestion
His assistant noticed salivation occurred even before food was placed in the dog’s mouth
Pavlov + assistant discovered the “conditioned reflex” by accident!
Paired bell with food
Classical Conditioning
The process by which a previously neutral stimulus (CS) acquires the capacity to elicit a response (CR)
through association with a stimulus (US) that already elicits a similar response (UR)
UR and CR are the same response e.g. salivation
US – Food
CS – Bell
John B. Watson (18781958)
American Psychologist who applied Pavlovian principles to real life
Father of behaviorism
All emotions and behaviors are acquired through conditioning principles, love and fear are classically
conditioned responses!
We respond emotionally positively or negatively to something because it was paired to a naturally emotional
eliciting stimulus
Used in advertising e.g. celebrities paired with food, cars; music paired with images
Edward L. Thorndike (18741949) Discussion 3 09/23/2010
American Psychologist who formulated the Law of Effect after successive observation of cats trying to
escape from puzzle boxes
The Law of Effect states that responses that are closely followed by satisfying consequences become
associated with the situation, and are more likely to recur when the situation is subsequently encountered
If the responses are followed by aversive consequences, associations to the situation become weaker
B.F. Skinner (19041990)
American Psychologist inventor of the operant conditioning chamber AKA the Skinner box
Focus on the external causes of behavior and its consequences
Thoughts, feelings, emotions, and perceptions cannot explain behavior
Look for causes of behaviors in the environment, not within the individual
To change the individual, change the environment!
Reinforcement
A stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that follows.
Positive Reinforcement: When a pleasant consequence follows a response, making the response more
likely to recur
Negative Reinforcement: When an unpleasant consequence is removed following a response, making the
response more likely to recur
Punishment
The process by which a stimulus weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows.
Positive punishment: When An unpleasant consequence follows a response, making the response less
likely to recur
Negative punishment: When a pleasant consequence is removed following a response, making the
response
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