BIOL 084 Study Guide - Comprehensive Final Guide: Oxidative Phosphorylation, Chyme, Chymosin

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Atom is made up of: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms in elemental state will always be neutral; same number of protons and electrons. Electron configuration determines how atoms react with other elements. Ground state: electrons in lowest possible energy level. Atoms absorb energy electrons move up in energy level (excited state) Isotopes: atoms of one element that vary only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus isotopes are chemically the same due to no change in electron number. Bond: two atomic nuclei attract the same electron(s) Atoms bond to achieve stability completed outer shell. Covalent bonds: atoms share electrons creating a molecule. Polar-polar attraction two or more atoms bond resulting in a polar (unbalanced) or nonpolar (balanced) molecule. Stronger attraction in polar molecules; negative end attracts positive end. Hydrophobic: water hating or repelled by water . Hydrophilic: water loving or attracted to water .

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