PSYC 341 Study Guide - Final Guide: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Caudate Nucleus, Frontal Lobe

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16 May 2018
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Abnormal Psychology Final Review
Chapter 4: Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Demographics: 4% of U.S. population
women 2x more than men
30% more African Americans than Caucasians
Hispanics show more “nervios” system than others
Brain Circuits Involved: amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior circulate cortex
Symptoms: worry about 2+ issues, restless,
distracted, cannot eat or sleep well, body tension, lasts 6+ months
GAD Explanations: cognitive view - fearful of uncertainty, threats, 2nd generation view - worry
is useful for reducing stress (Wells) subjects have more arousal (Borkovec),
psychoanalytic view - id/ego/superego. 5 psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency,
genital), biological view - not enough GABA or GABA receptors
Treatments: tranquilizers - increase amount of gamma-amino butyric acid in brain, reduce firing
of cells, benzodiazepines, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) - challenge threatening thoughts
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Symptoms: obsess for 1+ hour/day about images, thoughts, or impulses; perform rituals to undo
those mental disturbances
Treatments: exposure and response prevention (ERP) - expose subjects to thoughts and
discourage them from performing rituals,
60-90% effective, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) antidepressants - sustain more
serotonin in brain circuit, especially frontal orbital cortex, caudate nuclei, cingulate cortex, and
amygdala
Social Anxiety
Demographics: 7.5% of U.S. population, African Americans and Asians have significantly more
than others
Symptoms: fear of evaluation/judgment from others when person performs some action, 6+
months
Treatments: exposure, social skills training, group practice
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Panic Disorder
Demographics: 2.5% of U.S. population
Symptoms: at least 4 of the following: tremors, heart palpitations, faintness, dizziness, weakness,
tingling in hands and fingers, sweating, shortness of breath, hot and cold flashes, choking
sensations, chest pains, feelings of unreality; peak in 10-12 minutes, then subside; spends 1+
month worried about another panic attack
Panic Disorder Explanations: biological view: uneven norepinephrine in amygdala, ventromedial
hypothalamus (VMH), gray matter in central nervous system, and/or locus ceruleus
Treatments: cognitive therapy - get educated about symptoms, then accept panic attacks and
relax; biological therapy - selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) antidepressants
for 5+ months; eye movement desensitization and relaxation (EMDR)
Phobias
Demographics: 12% of U.S. population, African Americans and Hispanics have significantly
more than others
Symptoms: intense fear reactions to something specific, which overstimulates an individual for
more time than what is normal, 6 months
Treatments: exposure (behavioral), flooding, systematic desensitization with hierarchy of fear
and relaxation, modeling (especially guided participation)
Agoraphobia
Demographics: 1.7% of U.S. population
Symptoms: fear of losing control in public spaces, patterns of remaining at home or with others
at all times to avoid public situations
Treatments: exposure with support groups and modeling, SNRIs, humanistic therapy - give
unconditional positive regard (UPR) with empathy, genuineness, and honesty
Chapter 5: Stress Disorders, PTSD, and Dissociations
Stress Disorders:
Two systems in the body are activated when we feel stress: Autonomic nervous system:
generates arousal Endocrine system: uses signals from the HPA (hypothalamus, pituitary, and
adrenal glands). -releases ACTH and stimulates corticosteroid hormones
Acute Stress vs. PTSD
Acute Stress: Within 4 weeks of the event and lasts 2-28 days
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PTSD: Can be delayed and lasts longer than 28 days
(RARI)
1) relive the event
2) avoid activities that remind you of the trauma
3) reduced responsiveness
4) increased arousal
PTSD Statistics: Occurs in 3.5% of the population, Women 2x more likely than men to have it,
29% of men and women in Vietnam experienced symptoms (higher PTSD with multiple
deployments), - 40% of those in natural disasters and accidental disasters have PTSD, 30-50% of
torture victims show the disorder
PTSD Risk Factors:
1) Biology: abnormal activity or cortisol (stress hormone) and norepinephrine, as well as an
impaired hippocampus and amygdala
2) Personality: highly anxious people are more likely to develop the disorder as well as those
with an external locus of control
3) Childhood: if the childhood involved poverty, difficult parental split, assult, or catastrophe
4) Low social support
5) Severe trauma
6) Culture: fatalistic beliefs; e.g., Hispanics
PTSD Treatment:
Best non-prescription therapy: Exposure techniques (flooding combined with relaxation),
EMDR: movement of eyes in a rhythmic manner while flooding the mind with the traumatic
image
Medication: Both antianxiety and antidepressant drugs in the beginning (SSRI and SNRI) ,
Tranquilizers during the day, SNRI for sleep without dreams
Dissociative Amnesia: When one is not able to recall upsetting information, usually a threat to
one’s safety
Selective Amnesia: a person forgets some but not all events during a certain time period
Generalized Amnesia: selective amnesia that extends for some time before the upsetting event
Continuous forgetting: more organic amnesia and becomes more serious the longer it continues
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