BIOL 22000 Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Protein, Cell Membrane, Adenosine Triphosphate
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
BIOL 22000
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
5/30/18
• Basic Principle
o All Life…
▪ Is aquatic
▪ Is compartmentalized
▪ Deals with same fundamental problems
▪ Is constrained by Law of Physics and Chemistry
▪ Can tolerate only a limited range of condition
▪ Carbon based
• There is no direct exchange between circulatory system and external system
5/31/18
Large Animal
Small Animal
Heat Exchange per Unit
Volume
Low
High
Heat Retention per Unit
Volume
Good
Poor
Metabolic Rate for the
Whole Animal
Good
Poor
Metabolic Rate per Unit
Volume
Poor
Good
• Tuna and shark internally maintain body temperature by counter current exchange \
o Endotherms since they are maintaining
6/1/18
• Bigger animal has a lower surface to volume ratio
• Human osmotic concentration is around 3000
• Higher urine osmotic concentration means the animal has less access to water
6/4/2018
• Membrane Potentials
o Neuron = -60
o Skeleton musc
• The osmotic gradient is in equilibrium but the electrical voltage one is in disequilibrium
because the two need to be different number for gradient
• GLU is a carrier protein not a channel protein
NOTES
• If Eion is less then Em, it goes with the concentration gradient. If its greater, it goes
AGINST the gradient
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
1
Chapter 1 The Cell
1.1 Cell Theory
1.2 Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic Cells contain a true nucleus
o Membrane bound organelle are found in the cytoplasm
• Prokaryotic Cells do not contain a nucleus
Membrane-Bound Organelles
• Membrane encloses semifluid cytosol where organelles are suspended
• Cytosol allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell
• Within the nucleus, genetic info is coded in DNA, which is organized into chromosomes
• Eukaryotic cells reproduce by mitosis
The Nucleus
• Nucleus is surrounded by nuclear membrane or envelope
o To separate nuclear environment from cytoplasm
• Nuclear Pores in the nuclear membrane allow for selective two-way exchange
• A subsection of nucleus is nucleolus, which synthesizes rRNA
Mitochondria
• The outer membrane serves as a barrier between cytosol and inner environment
• The inner membrane has numerous infoldings called cristae
o It contains the enzyme necessary for electron transport chain
o Highly convoluted to increase surface area available for enzymes
• The space between inner and outer membrane is called the intermembrane space
• The space inside the inner membrane is
called the mitochondrial matrix
o The pumping of protons from matrix
to the intermembrane space
establishes proton-motive force
o The proton flow through ATP
synthesis to generate ATP
• Mitochondria contain and replicate their own
genes via binary fission
• Mitochondria can kill the cell by releasing
enzymes from the ETC
o Know as apoptosis, or programmed
cell death
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Is compartmentalized: deals with same fundamental problems, can tolerate only a limited range of condition, carbon based. Is constrained by law of physics and chemistry: there is no direct exchange between circulatory system and external system. Good: tuna and shark internally maintain body temperature by counter current exchange , endotherms since they are maintaining. 6/1/18: bigger animal has a lower surface to volume ratio, human osmotic concentration is around 3000, higher urine osmotic concentration means the animal has less access to water. If eion is less then em, it goes with the concentration gradient. Chapter 1 the cell: eukaryotic cells contain a true nucleus, membrane bound organelle are found in the cytoplasm, prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus. The nucleus: nucleus is surrounded by nuclear membrane or envelope, to separate nuclear environment from cytoplasm, nuclear pores in the nuclear membrane allow for selective two-way exchange, a subsection of nucleus is nucleolus, which synthesizes rrna.
