PSYCH 10000 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Lawrence Kohlberg, Fritz Heider, Cognitive Dissonance
13 Jun 2018
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• Individual who received therapy showed 80% more improvement then those who did not.
• for several types of disorder, cognitive therapy or cognitive-behavioral therapy produces a
slightly greater reduction of the target symptoms (such as anxiety), but all the common types of
treatment are roughly equal for less specific goals, such as overall quality of life.
• Lawrence Kohlberg proposed instead that moral reasoning is a process that matures through a
seies of stages, siila to piaget’s stages of ogitie development.
o to ealuate people’s oal easoig, e should ask aout the easos fo thei
decisions, not just about the decisions themselves.
• Chap 13
• Children of young ages prefer to make choice that brings a treat to themselves and someone,
this grows as they get older.
• Frustration-aggression Hypothesis states that the man cause of anger and aggression is
frustration, an obstacle that stands in the way of doing something or obtaining something.
• Study shows low self-esteem and mental illness does not cause violence
• There is evidence showing genetic and malnutrition are a combo for violence.
• Cognitive influence on Violence
o You deindividualize the other, telling themselves they are better than other. Such as the
enemy is bad.
o They can also justify their action by decreasing their own sense of identity.
▪ Wear sunglasses, soldiers, KKK
• Laee Kohleg foused pshologists’ attetio o the easoig processes behind moral
decisions.
• Primary Effect is the first information we learn about someone influences us more than later
information does.
• Self-fulfilling Prophecies is expectations that increase the probability of the predicted event.
o Example: if you were told to talk to a person over the phone and you were handed a
picture of that person. You would be friendlier if the individual was attractive.
• Ways to overcome prejudice is to interact more with that individual, or work in a group toward a
common goal.
• Fritz Heider, the founder of attribution theory, emphasized the distinction between internal and
external causes of behavior
o Internal attributions ae eplaatios ased o soeoe’s attitudes, pesoalit taits,
abilities, or other characteristics.
▪ ou othe alked to ok this oig eause he likes the eeise.
o External attributions are explanations based on the situation, including events that
would influence almost anyone.
▪ he alked eause his a ould’t stat.
• Western people tend to make more internal attributions, and Asian people tend to make more
external attribution.
• Cognitive dissonance is a state of unpleasant tension that people experience when they hold
contradictory attitudes or when their behavior contradicts their stated attitudes, especially if
the inconsistency distresses them.
• The explanation of the $1 and the $20 experiment
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