GEOL 101 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Sulfide, Mohs Scale Of Mineral Hardness, Mineral

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GEOL 101
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
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March 29, 2017
Geology
Science is a methodological activity, discipline, or study
-It is not a bunch of information
-Method of learning & discovering
Goals of science
-Understand patterns in nature
-Make predictions base on these patterns
Assumptions of Science
-Nature is orderly
-All phenomena have natural causes
-Nothing is self-evident
-Knowledge is gained empirically
James Ussher (1581-1656)
Catastrophism-
That the earth was made by a series of catastrophic events
VS.
Uniformitarianism-
Earth has been formed by slow & steady natural processes over vast stretch of time
James Hutton
Theory of earth- 1788
-Deep Time
-Uniformitarianism
Modern Geological study accepts
-Both gradual processes & sudden events are important
-Both seen in the rock record
Scientific Method
-Ask a question about natural world
-Hypothesis
-Observations
Test hypothesis
Ealuatig/iterpretig data
Modify/ change/ update/ accept/ reject
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Theory
Hypothesis that survives testing
-Can be disproved
-Predictive power
Luis and Walter Alvarez- 1980
Discover clay, soot, and Iridium (rare on the earth) layers
The Universe, Solar system, and the Earth
-One of eight planets revolving around the sun
-200-400 billion stars in the Milky Way
-200 billion- 10 trillion galaxies in the visible universe
Approximation age of the universe is 13.8 billion years
Big Bang
Evidence: *Cosmic microwave background radiation, abundance of primordial elements, Early versus
recently formed galactic structures are different
Time Zero- all matter contained in one volume-less point
1 second-protons and neutrons (5 billion degrees)
1 million years- Nebulae form from Hydrogen & Helium
Hules La- amount of red shift is proportional to an objects distance from Earth, The universe is
expanding
Red Shift- realized that the distance galaxy was moving away
Formation of our Solar System
Neular Latin for loud Theory- massive clouds of dust, Hydrogen, Helium and other elements called
stellar nurseries (where solar systems are formed)
-Stellar Explosion: gas clumps collapse into dense spinning cloud, proto star forms at center,
nuclear fusion begins, creating a true star that emits light
Explosion: dying star (sun)
Nebula: cloud that begins to spin, moving faster, eventually clumping through collision
Sun/star begins to form
-Proto sun & planetesimals: little planet (current solar system)
Planetesimals grow by continuous collisions. Gradually, an irregularly shaped proto-earth develops.
Interior heats up
Thea & Earth collide and the moon was formed
“truture of the Earth’s Interior
-Earth has layers.
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Document Summary

Science is a methodological activity, discipline, or study. That the earth was made by a series of catastrophic events. Earth has been formed by slow & steady natural processes over vast stretch of time. Both gradual processes & sudden events are important. Discover clay, soot, and iridium (rare on the earth) layers. One of eight planets revolving around the sun. 200 billion- 10 trillion galaxies in the visible universe. Approximation age of the universe is 13. 8 billion years. Evidence: *cosmic microwave background radiation, abundance of primordial elements, early versus recently formed galactic structures are different. Time zero- all matter contained in one volume-less point. 1 million years- nebulae form from hydrogen & helium. Hu(cid:271)(cid:271)le(cid:859)s la(cid:449)- amount of red shift is proportional to an objects distance from earth, the universe is expanding. Red shift- realized that the distance galaxy was moving away.

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