BIO 122 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Dna, Gene, Enzyme
BIO 122
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Objectives Week 1
o All organisms are made of cells
o Where cells come from
• Preexisting cells
o What a hypothesis is
• Testable statement
o What a null hypothesis means
• What u are trying to prove wrong
o What phylogeny means and the tree of life
• Genealogical relationships between species with common ancestor
o emergent properties
• a property which a collection or complex system has, but which the
individual members do not have
o what prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are
• pro - no nucleus
• eu - membrane bound nucleus
o the components of a prokaryotic cell
o what an organelle refers to and what a cellular structure refers to
• organelle – membrane bound compartment with unique structure and fn
o the components of a eukaryotic cell (animal and plant)
o Cell theory
• Pattern – all organisms composed of cells
• Process – all cells come from cells
o That life evolved over time
• Through natural selection
o How the concept of emergent properties applies to life at different levels
o How an experiment will test a predicted outcome
• Control and experimental groups
o That hypotheses must be testable to be true hypotheses
o The importance of controls; the difference between negative and positive controls
• Give you something to compare results to
• Negative – when nothing should happen
• Positive – when something should happen
o Understand why repetition is important
• Prove it will always happen
o Science is cyclical… the best questions will lead to answers that lead to more
questions
o how cellular component structure goes with function
• organelles give more efficiency in larger cells and organisms
o Design an experiment to test a given hypothesis
o Generate a hypothesis based on observations and predicted outcomes
o Identify controls within an experiment
o Name the components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and explain their
function
• Eukaryotic
• Nucleus – stores dna
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Cytoplasm – within membrane
• Mitochondria - powerhouse
• plasma membrane –
• perioxosome – h202
• golgi -
• smooth er – catalyzes rxns
• rough er - ribsomes
• cytoskeletal structure - structure
• ribosome – creates proteins
• plant
• chloroplast – store energy
• cell wall - structure
• vacuole – removal of waste
• animal
• lysosome – removal of waste
• centrioles – dna stuff
• Prokaryotic only
• Nucleoid region - dna
• Cytoplasm - fluid
• Ribosome - protein
• Appendages - movement
• Cell wall - structure
• Plasma membrane -
• Plasmid - dna
• Chromosome - dna
o elements of life
• cells and organization
• energy use and metabolism
• regulation and homeostasis
• reproduction and replication
• evolution
o that water is polar and creates hydrogen bonds
o hydrophobic vs hydrophilic and polar vs nonpolar molecules
▪ phobic – nonpolar, insoluble in water
▪ phyllic - polar
o what molarity refers to
▪ mol/L
▪ conc
o the different common functional groups by name, structure, and common function
▪ amino, carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com