BSC 1011 Midterm: Exam 2 Review. (Chapters include: seed plants, animal diversity and prostosomes, Deuterostomes, Animal Body and Principles of Regulation, Endocrinology, Sensory Systems). Practice questions included.
Exam 2 Review
SEED PLANTS
vascular plants
have tallest living specimens
environmental effects of burning
of plant related products
burning peat, wood, coal, and petroleum release the carbon dioxide
that plants removed and stored in tissue and increases in CO2
(greenhouse gas) triggers temperature rise by retaining solar heat
seed
includes embryo (sporophyte), endosperm (food source for embryo),
and a protective cover
Consider: The advantages of retaining the young sporophyte as an
embryo within the parents is to protect it from desiccation, supply it
with nutrients, and protect it from pathogens and UV light. Seeds are
tough, so they can resist abrasion, remain dormant to survive
unfavorable conditions, and do not require water as a medium for
sperm transport (as seen in non-seed plants). But when compared to
spores, considerably fewer are produced. Fruits are simply ripened
ovaries containing seeds.
male gametophytes
Pollen – dispersed by wind or pollinator
Female gametophytes
Develop within ovule
gymnosperms
first seed plants; includes Coniferophyta, Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta,
and Gnetophyta; produce "naked" seeds since they are not enclosed
in fruit
cycads
longest surviving group of gymnosperms, resemble a palm tree,
largest sperm cell of all organisms.
Conifers
Most familiar gymnosperm phylum includes Pines, spruces, firs,
cedars, and others
Coastal redwood – Tallest living vascular plant
Bristlecone pine – Oldest living tree
Found in colder and sometimes drier regions of the world
Conifers are sources of important products
Timber, paper, resin, and taxol (anti-cancer)
Ginkophytes
Only one extant species (Ginko biloba).
seed plants
seed plants produce two kinds of gametophytes; pollen grains are
conveyed to female gametophyte by wind or pollinators, sperm
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reaches eggs by traveling through a pollen tube and a dormant phase
is introduced into the life cycle
seed plants use meiosis to produce microspores and megaspores
Consider: Seed plants include gymnosperms and angiosperms, but
only angiosperms have flowers, fruits, and endosperm in seeds.
Evolutionary advantages of seeds include (???)
Angiosperm
Flowers, nectar and pollen form and function. Pollination and
dispersal.
Wind and other modes of
pollination
used by the following angiosperms: oaks, grasses, and birches
Consider: Pollination is the transport of pollen from a
microsporangium to a stigma whereas fertilization is the fusion of a
sperm with an egg.
flower
Know the structure of flowers
fruit
mature ripened ovary containing fertilized seeds, function?
stomata
pore-like structures on leaves that open & close depending on
environmental conditions thereby regulating intake of carbon dioxide,
release of oxygen, and loss of water.
cutin
polymer on the leaves of vascular plants that protects them from
pathogens and dehydration
xylem
transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to
stems & leaves
phloem
transports carbohydrates (food) away from green parts of plant to rest
of plant
dispersal
1. The gymnosperms produce ______ seeds meaning that they are NOT enclosed by fruits.
A) pollen
B) eudicot
C) fruticose
D) pubescent
E) "naked"
2. A seed contains ___________.
A) sporophyte
B) stored food
C) protective seed coat
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D) all of the above
Animal Diversity and Protostomes
animal characteristics
- Are heterotrophs
-Are multicellular, without cell walls, and cells of all animals (except
sponges)are organized into tissues
-Most are able to move
-Are very diverse in form and habitat
-Most reproduce sexually
-Have a characteristic pattern of embryonic development
Consider: Traditional classification of animals was based on type of symmetry,
pattern of embryonic development, presences or absence of a true body cavity,
and presence or absence of certain types of tissue
open circulatory
system vs/ closed
circulatory system
The open circulatory system has a combination of blood vessels and large thin-
walled sinuses whereas a closed circulatory system has only vessels
symmetry
Bilateral vs radial
hermaphrodite
individual animal that can produce both sperm and eggs
Animals
while eukaryotic cells appeared ~2.5 billion years ago, bilateral invertebrates
didn't appear until ~590 million years ago; suggested ancestor was
choanoflagellates; are monophyletic; their cells lack rigid cell walls and are
flexible; they can move more rapidly and in more complex ways than members
in other eukaryotic kingdoms; they develop from a zygote in a characteristic
embryonic development; and their millions of species show great diversity in
size, form, structure, and habitat.
Consider: The best defining characteristic of animals is that the nature of their
small subunit rRNA gene sequences is different
typical animal
embryonic
development
follows path of zygote --> morula --> blastula --> gastrula
germ layers
embryonic layers that have different developmental potentials
Consider: The endoderm forms the gut, the ectoderm forms part of the
nervous system and the epidermis, and the mesoderm forms muscles and most
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Document Summary
Consider: the advantages of retaining the young sporophyte as an embryo within the parents is to protect it from desiccation, supply it with nutrients, and protect it from pathogens and uv light. Seeds are tough, so they can resist abrasion, remain dormant to survive unfavorable conditions, and do not require water as a medium for sperm transport (as seen in non-seed plants). But when compared to spores, considerably fewer are produced. Develop within ovule gymnosperms first seed plants; includes coniferophyta, ginkgophyta, cycadophyta, and gnetophyta; produce naked seeds since they are not enclosed in fruit cycads. Conifers longest surviving group of gymnosperms, resemble a palm tree, largest sperm cell of all organisms. Most familiar gymnosperm phylum includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and others. Found in colder and sometimes drier regions of the world. Only one extant species (ginko biloba). seed plants produce two kinds of gametophytes; pollen grains are conveyed to female gametophyte by wind or pollinators, sperm.
