CULTBLF 23 Study Guide - Final Guide: Passover Seder, Synoptic Gospels, Unleavened Bread
18 Jun 2018
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Lectures 13-14
1. Sabbath: day of rest/worship, sign between Israel and God/eternal covenant similar
to circumcision in a way
2. Decalogue: 10 commandments God delivered to Moses
3. manna: the bread God gave Israelites in the desert, in New Testament, Jesus is the
“true manna”
4. “the Sabbath a delight” - (Isaiah 58:13): is the Sabbath a day of restriction or joy?:
the Sabbath is a delight because you are honoring the Lord, the day is filled with
restrictions, but the idea that even with these restrictions, this day is supposed to be
joyous
5. 39 prohibited labors: M. Shabbat 7:2 the creation of 39 prohibited labors; shows
rabbinic creativity; list of things you can’t do on the Sabbath
6. The Sabbath is given to you; but you are not given to the Sabbath: from New
Testament (Mark 2) Jesus says that the sabbath is given for the benefit of man and not
to confine or limit him. Also said by R. Simeon b. Menasyah; the context is a discussion
of the principle that saving a life takes precedence over the Sabbath
7. Perpetual Sabbath: from Justin Martyr, after Jesus’ death and resurrection, Sabbath
is not just one day of the week, but every day is day of rest/devoid of sin as seen by
Christians
8. Seventh-Day Adventists: observe Saturday as day of rest & worship as Christian
Sabbath
9. Lord’s Day: Sunday; Jesus’ resurrection
10. The seventh day: is Saturday; Jews observe this day as a day of rest and worship
while Christians don’t
11. The Eighth Day: Barnabas 15, is Sunday (Sunday is both the first and eighth day);
day in which Christ was resurrected main day of worship for Christians
12. planetary week (astrological week): The week that refers to planets if they
represent every hour in a week, the first hour of every day is in this order Saturn, Sun,
Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus
13. “You shall not do any manner of work”: 4th of the 10 commandments, no work
can be done on the Sabbath (Exodus 20:8-11)
14. The Christian Sabbath: Christians do not technically celebrate the Sabbath, but
Sunday is generally their “day of rest/worship”
15. In rabbinic Judaism, under what circumstances may Sabbath prohibitions be
overridden?: If a human life is in danger (includes i.e. a woman in active labor must be
taken to the hospital during the Sabbath)
16. When does the Jewish Sabbath begin? End?: Begins Friday at sunset, ends
Saturday at sunset.
17. Blue laws: Laws in society that prohibit certain activities or sale of certain goods on
Sunday, mostly due to Christian beliefs
Lectures 15-18
1. Mishnah - legal material complementing the Torah. These are written up in a rabbinic
book. We talked about Pesahim 10 in class in relation to passover seder.
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2. Pesah - root meaning “pass over” or, more likely, “protect.” This is the first evening of
Passover. God passed over the houses of the Israelites. God was on his way to the
homes of the Egyptians. Pesah is sometimes used to refer to the sacrificial lamb itself
3. Passover - interchangeable term w/ Pesah, which is the Jewish term. starts on night
of 14th.
4. seder - A meal eaten and a ritual performed on the first night of Passover (the night
of the 14th into the 15th), consisting of symbolic food, real food, ritualized gestures, and
ritualized speech
5. Afikoman (or afiqoman): In the Mishnah it is something we don’t do: “We do not bid
farewell to the paschal meal with afiqoman.” Traditional explanations of this rule: no
after dinner treats; no after dinner entertainment, revelry. Today it is celebrated though,
symbolized by a Matzah bread that is broken at beginning and hidden and eaten at end
of meal.
6. Soli-lunar calendar -- how the Jewish calendar works; months according to the
moon and the seasons according to the sun.
7. The Four Questions -- 1) Why only Matzah? 2) Why bitter herbs? 3) Why dip food
twice? 4) Why dine reclining? -- 4 questions that explain why the Pesah is different from
other nights.
8. 14th of Nisan: Pesah sacrifice happens on the afternoon of Nisan 14
9. Maror -- a bitter herb eaten eaten on the pesah (?) to remind Jews of the bitterness
of slavery endured in Egypt.
10. Haggadah -- book that describes the steps, rituals, and order of the seder. Takes
stuff from the Mishnah Pesahim and adds to it; includes the four questions and four
sons.
11. Paschal lamb - It is eaten on the eve of the passover. During the time of the
Temple, Paschal lamb was to be slaughtered at the altar where the blood could be
drained and then eaten in Jerusalem. Today some people believe they must eat this
paschal lamb the night before Passover to follow traditions. Others believe they can’t
eat the lamb because the Temple was destroyed and thus blood cannot be drained at
the altar.
12. Unleavened bread - a bread that is flat. Matzah is unleavened bread.
13. “How is this night different from all other nights?” - quote from Pesach
Haggadah, it is meant to be said by the youngest member at the table on the seder.
[also in the M. Pesahim 10]
14. Matzah - during passover seder, a piece of matzah is taken by each member at the
table and hidden until the end of the meal when the matzah is eaten. The matzah
represents the Messianic redeemer - coming at the end-time to save the Jews.
15. Synoptic Gospels: Synoptic = seeing them together. Matthew, Mark, and Luke but
not John; the three gospels tell very similar narratives with distinctive details
16. Bread and wine: bread represents body of Christ, wine represents blood of Christ
17. Melito of Sardis: early Christian; writings on Passover connection to Christ
18. Typology: foreshadowing of Jesus and the Church
19. Pascha: Greek term coming from passion literally meaning suffering;
20. Easter: celebration of resurrection of Christ
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21. Lent: a Christian observance that lasts for 40 days beginning on Ash Wednesday
and ending prior to Easter; it’s a time of fasting, repentance, and spiritual discipline in
order to remember Jesus Christ’s suffering and fasting during his time in the desert
22. Good Friday: is the Friday before Easter Sunday; day when Jesus was crucified
23. Eucharistic Words or Words of institution: words echoing those of Jesus himself
at his Last Supper, used today during the Eucharist (Communion)
24. Eucharist: the Christian ceremony commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread
and wine are consecrated and consumed; literally means thanksgiving in Greek
25. Communion: the receiving of Jesus Christ in the sacrament of the Holy Eucharist
26. Quartodeciman: the custom of some early Christians celebrating Passover; begins
on the eve of the 14th day of Nisan; disappeared by 5th century
27. The Passion -- The suffering of Christ, through which He suffered for the sin of all
humankind.
28. Easter controversy -- Quartodecimans celebrate the crucifixion of Christ on the
14th of Nisan (as told in the book of John), while other Christians follow the synoptic
gospels (the last supper was on the first day of passover) and celebrate the resurrection
on Sunday.
29. Last Supper -- A paschal meal (not a seder) that occurs right before the Passion.
Took place on the 14th of Nisan according to the synoptic gospels, although John has
the meal take place before the 14th (and Passover), thus the meal is not a pashcal
meal.
30. Aphikomenos -- Word used to describe the coming of Christ from heaven to earth
to suffer for man. A term used by Melito, section 66. Looks and sounds like the word
afikoman- piece of matzah that’s hidden and comes back in the end as a symbol of
redemption, from the Haggadah.
31. “He is Risen!” -- An Easter greeting in many churches; referring to the resurrection
of Christ; quote from the Gospels themselves (Mark 16)
32. Holy Chalice or Holy Grail -- originally the vessel Jesus used at the Last Supper to
serve wine as his blood. It is retained in the Eucharist as Christians take the blood of
Christ from a chalice. Originally referred to simply as a cup in the new testament --
magical connotation of chalice comes later. Holy Grail - legend that Christ’s blood was
collected in this grail when he was dying on the Cross
33. Exodus: second book of the Old Testament that tells of the departure of the
Israelites out of slavery in Egypt
34. 15th of Nisan: Passover traditionally starts on the evening of the 14th of Nisan and
runs into the early hours of the next day, the 15th of Nisan
35. apotropaic: warding away evil or satanic influences
36. Holy Week: the week preceding Easter and the final week of Lent – begins with
Palm Sunday and ends with Holy Saturday (the day before Easter Sunday)
37. Maundy Thursday: commemorates the Last Supper of Jesus Christ (crucified the
next day on Good Friday), and the foot-washing that Jesus performed on the Apostles
(hence the term “maundy”)
38. “This is my body…this is my blood.”: Quote in Matthews 26:26-28 that describes
how Jesus made the bread and wine consubstantial with his his own flesh and blood
39. resurrection: Jesus was ressurrected on the third day following his death and
ascended into heaven (died on Good Friday, arose Easter Sunday).
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Testament (mark 2) jesus says that the sabbath is given for the benefit of man and not to confine or limit him. Christians: seventh-day adventists: observe saturday as day of rest & worship as christian. Saturday at sunset: blue laws: laws in society that prohibit certain activities or sale of certain goods on. Lectures 15-18: mishnah - legal material complementing the torah. These are written up in a rabbinic book. We talked about pesahim 10 in class in relation to passover seder: pesah - root meaning pass over or, more likely, protect. this is the first evening of. God passed over the houses of the israelites. God was on his way to the homes of the egyptians. Takes stuff from the mishnah pesahim and adds to it; includes the four questions and four sons: paschal lamb - it is eaten on the eve of the passover.
