BIO 011 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Dna, Protein, Enzyme
BIO 011
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Bio – Chapter 1
1/29/18
How are the relationships between different organisms established?
To figure out the relationships between the domains, look at the
ribosomal RNA sequences. Closer related sequences mean closer
related organisms.
- Ribosome is made of proteins and ribosomal RNA
- All living things make proteins in the same way, but the proteins
are species specific; even with the same building blocks,
different proteins will be made.
o Sequences of the r-RNAs will be similar
The further away the organisms are on the relationship diagram, the
less easy it would be to mix and match proteins from one organism to another.
- Eukaryote – have nucleus and organelles
within a cell membrane
- Prokaryote – single celled, DNA not in
membrane, binary division
- Bacterial and archaeal cells have
organelles
All these types of interactions drive how
biology works.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Chapter 2
The chemistry of life depends on the relationships between the elements in the body, how they form
other structures in the body, how they function in the cell, how tissues function in the body and more.
How do chemical bonds form?
- Covalent bond – sharing of electrons
o 1C and 4H → carbon can share its 4-outer valence e- with the 4H.
- Ionic bond – transfer of electrons → not the strongest bond
Shape of molecules have an impact on their function in a person
Electronegativity: the attractive force an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons.
- Electronegativity depends on the number of protons and the distance between the nucleus and
electrons.
- What consequence does this have for different chemical compounds?
o Consequences depend on each atom.
Polarity
- Polar covalent bond: electrons are drawn to one nucleus more than the other because that atom
has greater electronegativity.
- Nonpolar covalent bond: electrons are shared equally (atoms have similar electronegativity).
Forming compounds through ionic bonds
- Ions are just charges.
- Cations are positively charged while anions are
negatively charged.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
To figure out the relationships between the domains, look at the ribosomal rna sequences. Ribosome is made of proteins and ribosomal rna. All living things make proteins in the same way, but the proteins are species specific; even with the same building blocks, different proteins will be made: sequences of the r-rnas will be similar. The further away the organisms are on the relationship diagram, the less easy it would be to mix and match proteins from one organism to another. Eukaryote have nucleus and organelles within a cell membrane. Prokaryote single celled, dna not in membrane, binary division. All these types of interactions drive how biology works. The chemistry of life depends on the relationships between the elements in the body, how they form other structures in the body, how they function in the cell, how tissues function in the body and more.
