OTBS 20100 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Syndrome, Operant Conditioning, Congenital Disorder
12 Oct 2018
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OTBS 20100
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Ch.3 Notes
Prenatal Growth & Development
• Trimesters & Periods
▪ Trimesters- reak the 9 oths of other’s pregay ito three 3-
month segments
▪ Periods- germinal, embryonic, & fetal
• Conception & Germinal Period
▪ Germinal period: after conception, the period of very rapid cell division &
initial cell differentiation lasting for 2 weeks
• Fertilized egg is implanted in the wall of the uterus
▪ 10th day after the start of a regular period: ovum enters final stage of
meiosis
▪ Ovulation: the release of an ovum into one of the two fallopian tubes
• Occurs approx. 14 days after menstruation
• Fallopian tubes: two passages that open out of the upper part of
the uterus & carry ova from the ovary to the uterus
• If the ovum is NOT fertilized by a sperm cell, it moves down the
fallopian tube, disintegrates into the uterus, & removed during
period
• Uterus: the structure that contains & nourishes the embryo &
fetus
▪ Male’s peak fertility- 1,000,000,000 sperm made in one day
▪ Sperm cells can survive up to 5 days i a woa’s ody
▪ Fertilization: the union of an ovum & a sperm (aka conception)
▪ Zygote: the first cell of a human being that occurs a result of fertilization-
a fertilized ovum
o Differentiation & Implantation
▪ Blastula: the hollow, fluid-filled sphere of cells that forms soon after
conception
• Starts to burrow into the lining of the uterus, breaking tiny blood
vessels
• Differentiation- cells start separating into groups according to
their future function
• Embryonic disk- what child develops out of
• Human chorionic gonadotropin- shuts down further ovulation &
prevents the next menstrual period
o What causes twins?
▪ Monozygotic (identical) twins: twins that result from the division of a
single fertilized ovum, which then separates & forms 2 genetically
identical individuals
• Same genes
• Same sex & share same physical traits
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ Dizygotic (fraternal) twins: twins that result from the fertilization of 2
separate ova by 2 separate sperm
▪ Related to maternal age
• Increased use of fertility drugs & therapies
• The Embryonic Period
▪ Embryonic period: the second prenatal period, which lasts from
implantation to the end of the 2nd month after conception
• All the major structures & organs of individual are formed
▪ Embryo: developing baby from the period of implantation to the end of
the 2nd month- from 2 to 8 weeks
o The Supporting Structures
▪ Placenta: a disk-shaped mass of tissue that forms along the wall of the
uterus through which the embryo receives nutrients & discharges waste
• Exchange of nutrients & waste products
▪ Umbilical cord: the rope of tissue that oets the plaeta to the
embryo
▪ Amniotic sac: a fluid-filled membrane that encloses the developing
embryo or fetus
▪ Amniotic fluid: fluid contained in the amniotic sac that cushions & helps
protect the embryo or fetus
o The Embryo
▪ Grows & develops
▪ Three layers
• Ectoderm- outer layer (skin, sense organs, the brain & nervous
system)
• Mesoderm- middle layer (muscles, blood, & excretory system)
• Endoderm- inner layer (digestive system, lungs, thyroid, &
thymus)
o Spontaneous Abortions
▪ Spontaneous abortions: miscarriage
• Naturally triggered expulsion of the developing child before it is
viable
• First trimester
• Caused by genetic defects that result in inadequate development
of the placenta, umbilical cord, or embryo
• The Fetal Period
▪ Fetal period: the final period of prenatal development, lasting from the
end of the second month after conception until birth
• Organ systems mature & become functional
▪ Fetus: developing baby from the end of the second month of gestation
until birth
• 24 weeks: develops primitive brain waves
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
14 days after menstruation: fallopian tubes: two passages that open out of the upper part of the uterus & carry ova from the ovary to the uterus. 2: development is best understood by considering changes within particular categories of human experience. Involves the role of the individual within the family: family is one of the most influential determinants, society or culture, society- larger group of individuals with which individual lives. Individualist culture: a culture where competition predominates over cooperation & personal achievement is typically valued more highly than group achievement. Individual freedom & choice receive strong emphasis: the domains of human development, development in the physical domain involves changes in physical shape & size in addition to changes in brain structures, sensory capabilities & motor skills. 4 in & function in society & enculturation, which occurs as we learn about our culture more or less on our own, by observing & absorbing rather than being taught.
