PSYC 350 Study Guide - Final Guide: Dissociative Identity Disorder, Valproate, Eye Tracking
9 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
University of Kansas
PSYC 350
Abnormal Psychology
Spring 2018
Final Exam
Prof: Dr. Steve Ilardi
Exam Guide
Topics Included:
1. Bipolar Disorder
2. ADHD
3. Substance Abuse
4. Hallucinogens
5. Schizophrenia
Bipolar Disorder
• Definition: a range of emotions from manic to depression
• The scale range from manic to depression is:
Mania Hypomaina Euthymia Dysthymia Major Depression
• Functional Impairment
o Bipolar implies alternating between mania and depression (hence, syndrome
formerly known as “manic-depression”)
o One manic episode is sufficient for bipolar disorder, even if no history of
depression
o Hypomania – symptoms of mania, but less severe and no fatal impairment
o Mixed Episode – symptoms of both mania and depression simultaneously
• To be diagnosed you must have three of the following:
o Grandiosity/inflated self-esteem
o Decreased need for sleep (0-4 hours/nights)
o Pressured speech: extreme talkativeness
o Racing thoughts/flight of ideas
o Extreme distractibility
o Increase in goal-directed activities
o Increase in pleasurable activities with potentially painful consequences
• Bipolar Subtypes:
o Bipolar Type I: mania (with or without depression history)
o Bipolar Type II: hypomania (with depression history)
o Bipolar Type III: mania induced by drugs (antidepressants, stimulants, etc)
• Bipolar Facts
o Prevalence of bipolar: ~4% of population (recent steep increase)
o >25% of bipolar patients initially diagnosed with unipolar depression
o High suicide rate – at least 12% (3 times higher than unipolar depression)
o Reduced life expectancy: estimates range from 9-25 years lost on average
o Over 50% unemployed, up to 40% on disability/welfare
▪ Mainly because the medication that they take causes them to not feel
like themselves and cannot perform the way they used to
o Link: bipolar and creativity (especially when hypomanic)
▪ Divergent thinking – taking something we know we have but fully
unlocking the potential that it had. Knowing that you have the skills but
not quite to where they could go. Ex dating apps, they all do the same
goal (connect you with people) but they are just a little different
▪ Convergent thinking – completely new engineering, taking two
completely different things and finding the bridge and connection that no
one else could see
• Bipolar Causes
o Very strong genetic contribution (heritability quotient >70%)
o Excessive amygdala reactivity (intensity of emotion)
o Dopamine circuitry (activation/arousal, goal-directed/reward-based behavior)
▪ Anhedonia the state where you cannot experience pleasure
o Frontal cortex/glutamate (mania=left>right; depression = left<right)
▪ When bipolar depressed, their left frontal cortex is completely offline
▪ When in hypomania, the right frontal cortex is completely offline
o Triggers for mania/hypomania = sleep deprivation, major life events, light
o “Kindling hypothesis” from Robert Post
o Rapidly cycling, ultra-rapid-cycling
• Bipolar Treatments
o Mood stabilizing medications are first-line treatment:
▪ Lithium: 1 year of remission rate: ~ 30-40% (not much higher than
placebo)
• Strange relation between your brain and lithium because it has an
effect of “chilling out the brain”
• Kay Jamison – bipolar researcher who also has bipolar disorder
▪ Depakote: 1-year full remission rate ~ 30-40%
▪ Other anticonvulsants: Lamictal, Trileptal (causes weight gain), Topamax
(causes weight loss)
▪ Novel Antipsychotics: Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, Geodon, Abilify
o Omega-3 fatty acids
o Psychotherapy
▪ Miklowitz Family Focused Therapy (FTT): cuts relapse risk in half
Example Questions
1. What is the range of bipolar disorder?
Solution: Mania Hypomaina Euthymia Dysthymia Major Depression
2. What is the percent of genetic contribution relating to bipolar disorder heritability?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 70%
Solution: D, 70%
3. What is the difference between divergent thinking and convergent thinking?
Solution: Divergent thinking is fully unlocking the potential that your mind has.
However, convergent thinking is taking two completely different things and finding the
bridge and connection that no one else could see.
Document Summary
Topics included: bipolar disorder, adhd, substance abuse, hallucinogens, schizophrenia. Bipolar disorder: definition: a range of emotions from manic to depression, the scale range from manic to depression is: Knowing that you have the skills but not quite to where they could go. Solution: mania hypomaina euthymia dysthymia major depression: what is the percent of genetic contribution relating to bipolar disorder heritability, 20, 40, 60, 70% Solution: divergent thinking is fully unlocking the potential that your mind has. However, convergent thinking is taking two completely different things and finding the bridge and connection that no one else could see. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd): dsm-5: the most common for over-diagnosis and under-diagnosis, diagnosis is 3:1 male vs female, taking the medications that help adhd often are performance enhances for sleep deprivation. If you are down on your sleep, taking adderall will make your brain perform close to the same level as when you are fully slept.
