BIOL 2160 Final: CHAPTER 12
Chapter 12
Cardiac Physiology
Cardiovascular System
• Blood (fluid that carries materials to and from cells)
• Blood Vessels (series of tubes)
• Heart (Pump)
Blood
• Blood cells
– Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
• Carry oxygen bound to hemoglobin
– Leukocytes (white blood cells)
• Mediate immune responses
– Platelets cell fragments
• Aid in blood clotting
• Plasma
– Liquid portion of blood
Blood Vessels (Vasculature)
• Vessels transporting blood away from heart:
• Arteries (big)
• Arterioles (small)
• Capillaries (smallest)
• Vessels transporting blood to heart:
o Venules (small)
o Veins (big)
Heart
• Four chambers: left and right atria, left and right ventricles
• Two separate pumps next to each other (separated by septum)
• Left heart (left atrium and left ventricle):
– Supplies blood to systemic circuit (body)
• Right heart (right atrium and right ventricle)
– Supplies blood to pulmonary circuit (lungs)
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Anatomy of the heart
PDA: Patent Ductus Arteriosus
• Ductus Arteriosus is a duct that connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery
in embryonic development. Normally closes shortly after birth.
• Patent means open. )n some individuals, this duct never closes, resulting
in mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Fairly common in
premature babies.
• Leads to shortness of breath and stunted growth and can lead to congestive
heart failure later in life.
Louie
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Path of Blood Flow
• Pulmonary Circuit
– Blood vessels in lungs
– Blood vessels connecting lungs to heart
– Systemic Circuit
– Blood vessels in the rest of the body
• Blood flows from pulmonary circuit to systemic circuit (circuits are in series)
Series flow through pulmonary and systemic circuits
Heart Valves
• Opening and closing controlled by pressure differences between chambers
• Allow unidirectional blood flow
• Two sets:
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Document Summary
Cardiovascular system: blood (fluid that carries materials to and from cells, blood vessels (series of tubes, heart (pump) Erythrocytes (red blood cells: carry oxygen bound to hemoglobin, mediate immune responses. Platelets (cid:523)cell (cid:498)fragments(cid:499)(cid:524: aid in blood clotting. Blood vessels (vasculature: vessels transporting blood away from heart, arteries (big, arterioles (small, capillaries (smallest, vessels transporting blood to heart, venules (small, veins (big) Heart: four chambers: left and right atria, left and right ventricles, two separate pumps next to each other (separated by septum, left heart (left atrium and left ventricle): Supplies blood to systemic circuit (body: right heart (right atrium and right ventricle) Pda: patent ductus arteriosus: ductus arteriosus is a duct that connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery in embryonic development. Normally closes shortly after birth. (cid:498)patent(cid:499) means (cid:498)open(cid:499). )n some individuals, this duct never closes, resulting in mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.