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BIOL 1002 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Book Lung, Cellular Respiration, Vocal Folds

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limewhale421
5 May 2016
School
LSU
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOL 1002
Professor
Pomarico

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Document Summary

The process cellular respiration in organisms (what the mitochondria do) requires o2 and generates co2 as a waste product. Because this cellular respiration is where animals generate most of their atp (energy) it"s important to keep this process going. In order to keep the supply of o2 flowing to the cells and remove the co2 waste respiration is required. In most animals, the o2 and co2 are transported in the blood by bulk flow and exchange into and out of the cells by diffusion. Gas exchange between blood and external environment (air or water) also occurs by diffusion. The respiratory system provides a large, moist surface area so that blood and the external environment may be exchange o2 and co2 by diffusion. The evolution of respiratory systems: respiration without a respiratory or circulatory system (see fig 33-1). Respiratory systems and gas exchange use two processes: The gills contain a dense profusion of capillaries inside the filaments (see fig 33-3)

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Related Questions

True of False: Freshwater environments have a higher concentration of oxygen than saltwater environments.

QUESTION 2 If the difference in partial pressure of gas on either side of the barrier to diffusion is 0, which of these events will occur?

The area for gas exchange will increase to accommodate this similarity.

The constant for diffusion will decrease.

The rate of diffusion will be 0.

The distance thickness of the barrier to diffusion will also be 0.

QUESTION 3 On the x-axis of the oxygen–hemoglobin equilibrium curve is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. Which type of blood is most likely to be represented by the right-hand side of the axis? (Hint: the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve is figure 45.14 in your book on pg 913)

blood found in the left ventricle

blood found in the right atrium

blood found in the superior vena cava

blood found in the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 4 Which of these is an example of pulmonary circulation?

Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Blood is pumped from the aorta to the cardiac vein.

Blood is pumped from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.

QUESTION 5 O2 will diffuse from blood to tissue faster in response to which of the following conditions?

an increase in the PO2 of the tissue

a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue

an increase in the thickness of the capillary wall

a decrease in the surface area of the capillary

QUESTION 6 Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?

a decrease in temperature

a decrease in carbon dioxide levels

a decrease in pH

a decrease in carbonic anhydrase

QUESTION 7 How does the medulla oblongata sense the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A. Carbonic anhydrase produced by cells performing cellular respiration is exported and travels though the blood, and binds to a receptor on the medullary respiratory center, which causes a signal amplification resulting in a change in gene expression which results in the production of proteins that will cause the diaphragm to contract

B. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which increases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

C. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which decreases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

D. A and B

E. A and C

QUESTION 8 Which of the following parts of the lung are considered "dead space"? A. The alveoli B. The trachea C. The bronchi D. B and C E. All of the above

QUESTION 9 Which of the following blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

QUESTION 10 How does the interstitial fluid return to the bloodstream?

A. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the osmotic pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the blood pressure driving fluid out of the blood

B. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the blood pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the osmotic pressure driving fluid out of the blood

C. Interstitial fluid leaves the tissue via lymphatic ducts and travels through the lymphatic system, which returns the fluid to the veins. D. A and C

E. B and C

QUESTION 11 True or False: When an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) shows a flat line (aka asystole), medical personnel will restart the heart using a defibrillator.

1. Which of the following are considered blood vessels within the cardiovascular system? (Select all that apply.)

Veins

Arteries \

Epithelial tissue

Capillaries

Epidermis

2. The middle muscle layer found in the walls of the heart is the __________.

Myocardium

Epicardium

Endocardium

Aorta

3. Blood is transported throughout the body via ___________.

Veins
Arteries

Capillaries

All of the above

4. The right atrium receives blood from all parts of the body except the ______________.

Abdominal cavity

Lungs

Dorsal cavity

Cranium

5. Blood carries which of the following?

Oxygen and cellular waste

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, and cellular waste

Nutrients, hormones, enzymes

Oxygen, nutrients, enzymes

6. Vocal chords are found in the ____________.

Bronchus

Trachea

Larynx and Pharynx

Nasal cavity

7. The trachea is mostly lined by ________________.

Alveoli

Ciliated

mucous membrane

Lung capillaries
Vocal chords

8. Excess CO2 from the body is __________________.

Stored in the pancreas

Digested by cells

Excreted by the respiration process

Used to make ATP

9. CO2 from the body is released into the lungs via _________________.

Ciliated mucous membrane

Alveolar air

Nasal cavity

Bronchial tree

10. The principal function(s) of gas exchange is ____________________.

To supply cells with oxygen

To remove CO2 from the body

Both A and B

Neither of the above

One of the most common chronic conditions affecting the respiratory system is asthma. Asthma is a condition characterized by inflammation of the airways. When an asthma attack is triggered, the airways become even more inflamed and can restrict breathing. Common symptoms during an asthma attacks include coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest and shortness of breath. Severe asthma attacks can be fatal. People with a family history of asthma are more likely to have the condition. While there is no cure for asthma, proper medical care and a management plan can help to maintain quality of life for people living with asthma. There are different types of asthma, each with their own triggers and management plans. Type Description Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB), or Exercise-induced Asthma (EIA) Some people only experience asthma symptoms during exercise. Exercise-induced asthma causes the narrowing of airways during exercise, which restricts the flow of air to and from the lungs. Cold, dry air tends to exacerbate symptoms, while warm, humid air may reduce symptoms. People with exercise-induced asthma should work with their doctor to create a management plan that still allows them to exercise while keeping their symptoms under control. Allergic Asthma Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma. It is triggered by inhaling allergen particulates, such as dust mites, pollen, pet dander, or mold. The body’s reaction to the allergens causes inflammation that results in coughing, wheezing, and other symptoms of asthma. Occupational Asthma Occupational asthma is caused by the frequent inhalation (breathing) of gases, fumes, dust, or other harmful substances in the workplace. Employees working in the chemical or petroleum industries are frequently exposed to chemicals such as Sulphur dioxide or hydrochloric acid, and may develop occupational asthma after prolonged exposure. Childhood Asthma Childhood asthma is usually developed before age 5. It is a condition that affects millions of children. It is vital that childhood asthma is properly controlled to prevent damage to the developing lungs Risk factors: • Allergies • Family history • Frequent respiratory infections • Low birth-weight • Second-hand smoke • Residing in a low-income, urban environment

Asthma symptoms that are triggered by exposure to pollen, pet dander, mold, or dust mites is indicative of which of the following types of asthma:

Occupational asthma

Childhood asthma

Allergic asthma

Exercise-induced asthma

· Question 35

0 out of 2 points

Why is it so difficult to design a vaccine against HIV?

· Question 37

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancer ?

· Question 39

2 out of 2 points

Cancer could be caused by _________.

· Question 41

0 out of 2 points

Tumor-suppressor genes _____.

· Question 43

0 out of 2 points

The example of a chromosomal rearrangement that resulted in a ligand-independent form of the EGF receptor results in tumor formation. The gene that encodes the EGF receptor would be classified as?

· Question 44

0 out of 2 points

Cancer can arise from (select all that apply):
1 Gain-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors
2 Loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors
3 Gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes
4 Loss-of-function mutations in oncogenes
5 Loss-of-function mutations in DNA repair genes

· Question 45

2 out of 2 points

Which statement about the Rb tumor suppressor protein is NOT true?

· Question 46

0 out of 2 points

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

· Question 47

0 out of 2 points

Which type of disorder is most difficult to correct by gene therapy?

· Question 48

2 out of 2 points

Gene therapy requires__________.

· Question 49

0 out of 2 points

Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because_________.

· Question 50

0 out of 2 points

Genetically engineered plants ________.

· Question 51

2 out of 2 points

How old is the earth thought to be based on radiometric measurements?

· Question 52

2 out of 2 points

Different cell organelles differ from each other in terms of their molecular components and structure. For example, lysosomes are packed with digestive enzymes and function in the degradation or turnover of cellular components. How are lysosomes populated with the digestive enzymes?

· Question 53

2 out of 2 points

Animal cells are protected from their environment by a thin plasma membrane. The membrane must be strong to be protective. What holds the plasma membrane together?

· Question 54

0 out of 2 points

Your lungs and respiratory tract are cleared of particles that you breathe in, such as pollen or other air borne particulates, by the waving motion of cilia lining your respiratory tract. What are the underlying subcellular structures or processes that sponsors this movement in cilia?

· Question 55

0 out of 2 points

What are examples of a cellular oxidation reactions?

· Question 56

0 out of 2 points

Enzyme catalyzed reactions

· Question 57

0 out of 2 points

What metabolite is formed in the terminal step of glycolysis that is taken up my mitochondria?

· Question 58

0 out of 2 points

The ultimate electron acceptor in cellular respiration is _______________, while the ultimate electron donor in the light reactions of photosynthesis is ___________________.

· Question 59

0 out of 2 points

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, the energy from electron transport in mitochondria

· Question 60

0 out of 2 points

Less energy is derived from the fermentation of glucose than from its breakdown by cellular respiration because there is less free energy difference between glucose and the products of fermentation.

· Question 61

0 out of 2 points

Grocery products list the fat and saturated fat content on most processed foods. Saturated fats are thought to be more of problem to human health than unsaturated fats because saturated fats ………

· Question 62

0 out of 2 points

While wading in swallow seawater, you found a jellyfish, picked it up, rinsed it off and put it in a bucket of tap water. What is likely to happen to cells of the jellyfish?

· Question 63

2 out of 2 points

Glucose is one of the important nutrients in meeting the energy needs for the cells in your body. One means by which glucose is taken up by cells is through facilitated diffusion. In facilitated diffusion, glucose is taken up …

· Question 64

0 out of 2 points

If eukaryotic cells didn’t have internal organelles, how would they likely differ?

· Question 65

2 out of 2 points

What is the relationship between the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi apparatus?

· Question 66

2 out of 2 points

About how many ribosomes might be found in a typical animal cell?

· Question 67

2 out of 2 points

Some large molecules, such as proteins, are synthesized in the cytoplasm but are required for functions in the nucleus. How do large molecules, such as proteins get into the nucleus?

· Question 68

0 out of 2 points

The free energy change (ΔG) for synthesis of ATP is +7.3 kilocalories/mole and ΔG for the breakdown of glucose is -686 kilocalories/mole. If ~29 ATP molecules are formed from each glucose molecule during cellular respiration, then about how efficient is cell respiration converting the energy from glucose into ATP?

· Question 69

2 out of 2 points

Photosynthesis produces most all the oxygen in the air we breathe. Where does oxygen come from in photosynthesis?

· Question 70

0 out of 2 points

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble hormones and their cell receptors ….

· Question 71

0 out of 2 points

If not all the nuclear DNA in a cell is synthesized during S phase in the cell cycle, then what is to prevent the cell from dividing?

· Question 72

0 out of 2 points

In what direction are DNA strands synthesized?

· Question 73

0 out of 2 points

Replication of your DNA has to be a very faithful to maintain the integrity of your genome. DNA polymerase inserts an incorrect deoxyribonucleotide every 100, 000 bases.

· Question 74

0 out of 2 points

RNA synthesis and processing differs somewhat between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

· Question 75

0 out of 2 points

Translation in prokaryotes

· Question 76

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following processes are important for normal development?

· Question 77

0 out of 2 points

Within an organism, what makes one cell type different from another?

· Question 78

0 out of 2 points

What makes each insect body segment different from another?

· Question 79

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following molecules, structures or organelles is NOT found in prokaryotic cells?

· Question 80

2 out of 2 points

Which answer below places molecules or subcellular structures in the correct order by size, from smallest to largest?

· Question 81

0 out of 2 points

Which statement is correct concerning stem cells in animals and meristems in plants?

· Question 82

0 out of 2 points

Cell differentiation always involves _____.

· Question 83

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following statements about the DNA in one of your brain cells is true?

· Question 84

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following properties describes the importance of epithelia in maintaining homeostasis?

· Question 85

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following most accurately describe the concept of “pattern formation” during embryogenesis?

· Question 86

0 out of 2 points

Based on the figure above, showing hemoglobin saturation curves under (A) normal CO2 and (B) elevated CO2 concentrations, which of the following conclusions is true?

· Question 87

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following does NOT require hemoglobin to deliver oxygen to the tissues.

· Question 88

0 out of 2 points

Circulatory systems compensate for _____.

· Question 89

0 out of 2 points

Which observation is evidence for genetic equivalence in plants or animals?

· Question 90

0 out of 2 points

What is the relationship between the endosperm of corn and the cotyledons of beans?

· Question 91

0 out of 2 points

Which factor contributes to driving the flow of water through xylem?

· Question 92

0 out of 2 points

According to the pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem transport, _____.

· Question 93

0 out of 2 points

A bicoid
loss-of-function mutant lacks a head while injection of normal Bicoid+
mRNA into the posterior end of an oocyte produces embryos with 2 heads. This indicates that the normal Bicoid+ gene function is

· Question 94

2 out of 2 points

A molecule that during development provides positional information via a concentration gradient is known as a

· Question 95

0 out of 2 points

An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it _____.

· Question 96

2 out of 2 points

An advantage of cross-pollination is that _____.

· Question 97

0 out of 2 points

When a mammalian embryo implants into the uterine wall, the embryo produces chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone, which

· Question 98

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for sexual reproduction in most vertebrates?

· Question 99

0 out of 2 points

Embryonic stem cells have advantages for research and possible therapeutic applications because

· Question 100

0 out of 2 points

Plant development is different from animals because plant development