BIOL 1202- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 61 pages long!)

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The basic design of land plants has two parts (see fig 35. 2): As a seed begins to grow the first root to emerge is the primary root (see fig 35. 3). In monocots this primary root is replaced by a fibrous root system composed of many roots of about equal size. In dicots the primary roots turn into the taproot system, which has one main root that lateral roots branch off. The epidermis of the root is very thin and has no waxy cuticle. In addition, the epidermis forms root hairs (see fig 35. 3) to increase the surface area. These characteristics make the root very permeable to water. As the shoot of a plant grows at the apical bud it gives rise to different specialized tissues: All of shoot structures come from small groups of cells which are left behind by the apical bud. These groups of cells form leaf primordia (leaf producing group) and axillary buds (branch producing group).

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