PHIL 109 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Syllogism, First-Order Logic, No Class
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
PHIL 109
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
PHL 109.01!
Introduction to Logic!
Dr. Mark T. Conard
Page " of "1 2
Monday, January 29, 2018
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HAND OUTS
- Course syllabus
- Argument examples worksheet
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NOTES
-Philosophy has 3 sub-disciplines
1. Metaphysics (the study of the nature of reality)
2. Epistemology (the study of knowledge)
3. Ethics (right vs. wrong)
- Logic is the tool/methodology of philosophy.
-To make /draw an inference is to take some statement to be true based on evidence.
-Conclusion is the statement
-Premises is the reasons/evidence
-Combine a conclusion and premises to get an argument
-Logic is the science of argumentation
-A fallacy is a bad argument
-Grammar specificity is important to logic and arguments
-Apriari knowledge is universal and necessary knowledge
-Logic was first founded as an area of study by Aristotle
-There are two basic types of arguments
-1. Formal arguments, which try to establish that a conclusion is necessarily true
ex.) If Socrates is a man and all men are mortal, then Socrates is mortal.
- 2. Informal arguments, which try to establish that a conclusion is probably true.
ex.) The sky is cloudy and the temperature is dropping means it will probably rain.
-Formal arguments can be divided into Aristotelean logic and modern propositional logic
-There are two criteria for evaluating arguments
-1. Does the premises support the conclusion?
-With formal arguments, this is measured by validity
-With informal arguments, this is measured by the strength of the logic
- 2. Whether the premises are true.
-Non-sequitur: A fallacy in which premises are irrelevant to the conclusion
-A valid argument does not need to have true premises.
-A valid argument with true premises is called a sound argument
-Concepts are metal compositions, like a mental file folder. We use language/words to
communicate/name a concept.
-A proposition is a complete thought (has a subject and a predicate), can be expressed in many
different ways through the grammatical make-up of the proposition, and can be expressed
without being asserted. (Expressed=put out into the world, asserted=claimed to be true)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
PHL 109.01!
Introduction to Logic!
Dr. Mark T. Conard
Page " of "2 2
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DUE NEXT CLASS
- Read about basic argument analysis and identifying arguments in chapter 4 of The Art of
Reasoning
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Dr. mark t. conard: metaphysics (the study of the nature of reality, epistemology (the study of knowledge, ethics (right vs. wrong) To make /draw an inference is to take some statement to be true based on evidence. Combine a conclusion and premises to get an argument. Grammar specificity is important to logic and arguments. Apriari knowledge is universal and necessary knowledge. Logic was first founded as an area of study by aristotle. There are two basic types of arguments. Formal arguments, which try to establish that a conclusion is necessarily true ex. ) If socrates is a man and all men are mortal, then socrates is mortal. Informal arguments, which try to establish that a conclusion is probably true. ex. ) The sky is cloudy and the temperature is dropping means it will probably rain. Formal arguments can be divided into aristotelean logic and modern propositional logic. There are two criteria for evaluating arguments. With formal arguments, this is measured by validity.
