MAC 143 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Berry Gordy, Sound Recording And Reproduction, Npr
28 Jun 2018
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Ch 2
Terms:
●Internet - the vast network of telephone and cable lines, wireless connections, and
satellite systems designed to like and carry computer information worldwide
●ARPAnet - the original internet, designed by the U.S. Defense Department’s
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
●email - electronic mail messages send over the Internet, developed by computer
engineer Ray Tomlinson in 1971
●microprocessors - miniature circuits that process and store electronic signals,
integrating thousands of of electronic components into thin strands of silicon along
which binary codes travel
●fiber-optic cable - thin glass bundles of fiber capable of transmitting along cable
wires thousands of messages converted to shooting pulses of light; these bundles of
fiber can carry broadcast channels, telephone signals, and all sorts of digital codes
●World Wide Web - a data-linking system for organizing and standardizing
information on the Internet; the WWW enables computer-accessed information to
associate with (or link to) other information, no matter where it is on the internet
●HTML (hypertext markup language) - the written code that creates Web pages and
links; a language all computers can read
●browsers - information-search services, such as Microsoft’s Internet Explorer,
Firefox, and Google Chrome, that offer detailed organizational maps to the Internet
●internet service provider (ISP)- a company that provides internet access to homes
and businesses for a fee
●broadband - data transmission over a fiber-optic cable, a signaling method that
handles a wide range of frequencies
●digital communication - images, texts, and sounds that use pulses of electric current
or flashes of laser light and are converted (or encoded) into electronic signals
represented as varied combinations of binary numbers (1s and 0s); these signals
then reassembled (decoded) as a precise reproduction of a TV picture, a magazine
article or a telephone voice
●instant messaging - a web feature that enables users to chat with buddies in real
time via pop-up windows assigned to each conversation
●search engines - sites or applications that offer a more automated route to finding
content by allowing users to enter keywords or queries to locate related web pages
●social media - digital applications that allow people worldwide to have
conversations, share common interests, and generate their own media content
online
●blogs - sites that contain articles in reverse chronological journal-like form, often
with reader comments and links to other articles on the web
●wiki Web sites - web sites that are capable of being edited by any user, the most
famous is Wikipedia
●content communities - online communities that exist for the sharing of all types of
content, from text to photos and videos
●social networking sites - sites on which users can create content, share ideas, and
interact with friends
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●Telecommunications Act of 1996 - the sweeping update of telecommunications law
that lead to a wave of media consolidation
●portal - an entry point to the internet, such as a search engine
●data mining - the unethical gathering of data by online purveyors of content and
merchandise
●e-commerce - electronic commerce, or commercial activity, on the web
●cookies - information profiles about a user that are usually automatically accepted
by a Web browser and stored on the user’s own computer hard drive
●spyware - software with secretive codes that enable firms to “spy” on users and gain
access to their computers
●opt-in or opt-out policies - controversial website policies over personal data
gathering: opt-in means websites must gain explicit permission from online
consumers before the site can collect their personal data; opt-out means that
websites can automatically collect personal data unless the consumer goes to the
trouble of filling out specific forms to restrict the practice
●phishing - an internet scam that begins with phony email messages that appear to
be from an official site and request that customers send their credit card numbers
and other personal info to update their account
●digital divide - the socioeconomic disparity between those who do and those who do
not have access to digital technology and media, such as the internet
●net neutrality - the principle that every website and every user, whether a
multinational corporation or you, has the right to the same internet network speed
and access
●open-source software - noncommercial software shared freely and developed
collectively on the internet
Chapter 2 Questions: 1-5, 13-14, 18
1. When did the Internet reach the novelty (development), entrepreneurial, and
mass medium stages?
a. origin - 1960s
b. entrepreneurial - 1990s (interactive)
c. mass medium - 2000s (multimedia source for both information and
entertainment)
2. How did the internet originate? What role did the government play?
a. military government project in 1960s with computer time-sharing as one of
its goals; relatively new and only a few of the expensive, room-sized
mainframe computers across the country;
b. late 1960s - ARPAnet (net) - enabled military and academic researchers to
communicate on a distributed network system
3. How does the World Wide Web work? What is its significance in the
development of the Internet?
a. world wide web - late 1980s by software engineer Tim Berners-Lee at the
CERN particle physics lab in Switzerland to help scientists better collaborate;
initially was a text datalinking system that allowed computer accessed
information to associate with or link to other information no matter where it
was on the Internet;
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b. significance: HTML and web allow information to be organized in an easy to
use, nonlinear manner - release of web browsers
b.i. way to connect everyone
4. Why did Google become such a force in Web searching?
a. released in 1998 as a more automated route to finding content by allowing
users to enter keywords or queries to locate web pages;
b. success because it introduced a new algorithm that mathematically ranked a
page’s “popularity” on the basis of how many other pages linked to it
5. What is the difference between a “Read/Only” culture and a “Read/Write”
culture on the Internet?
a. difference: users can only read content on read/only; users have the power
not only to read content but also to develop their own on read/write; users
ultimately rule here, sharing words, sounds, images, and creatively edited
music remixes that make websites worth visiting --- social media creation
6. What is the role of data mining in the digital economy? What are the ethical
concerns?
a. data mining - gathering users’ location and purchasing habits has been a
boon to advertising - customer surveillance
b. ethical concerns: internet security and privacy; vulnerable to online fraud
(for people who shop online)
7. What is the digital divide and what is being done to close the gap?
a. digital divide - growing contrast between the “information haves” (those who
can afford to purchase computers and pay for Internet services) and the
“information have nots” - cannot afford those
b. close the gap by: rising use of smartphones (particularly with racial lines)
and phones in developing countries; trying to have policies for equal
opportunity for everyone
8. What are the key challenges to making the Internet itself more democratic?
a. net neutrality - principle that every web site and every user has the right to
the same internet network speed and access - dominated by biggest
corporations though
a.i. supporters - bloggers, video games, educators, religious groups,
unions, small businesses
b. threat is the growing commercialization - growth of commercial “channels”
on the internet outpaces the emergence of viable nonprofit channels
c. 1996 telecommunications act made is possible for cable tv systems,
computer firms, and telephone companies to merge their interests and
become even larger
d. about ¾ of US is linked to internet - increasing democratic possibilities but
also tempting commercial interests to intensify problem
Ch 4
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MAC 143 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary
Internet - the vast network of telephone and cable lines, wireless connections, and satellite systems designed to like and carry computer information worldwide. Arpanet - the original internet, designed by the u. s. defense department"s. Email - electronic mail messages send over the internet, developed by computer engineer ray tomlinson in 1971. Microprocessors - miniature circuits that process and store electronic signals, integrating thousands of of electronic components into thin strands of silicon along which binary codes travel. World wide web - a data-linking system for organizing and standardizing information on the internet; the www enables computer-accessed information to associate with (or link to) other information, no matter where it is on the internet. Html (hypertext markup language) - the written code that creates web pages and links; a language all computers can read. Browsers - information-search services, such as microsoft"s internet explorer, Firefox, and google chrome, that offer detailed organizational maps to the internet.
