BIOL 3312 Study Guide - Final Guide: Merocrine, Holocrine, Mesothelium
• 4-3: Describe the relationship between form and function for each type of epithelium.
o Simple Squamous
▪ Absorption and Diffusion
▪ Mesothelium, Endothelium
o Stratified Squamous
▪ Protects
▪ Esophagus, Mouth, Vagina
o Simple Cuboidal
▪ Absorb and Secrete
▪ Kidney, Ducts of Small Glands
o Stratified Cuboidal
▪ Protect
▪ Sweat Glands, Mammary Glands
o Transitional
▪ Expand and Stretch without damage
▪ Bladder, Urethra, Uterus
o Simple Columnar
▪ Absorb and Secrete
▪ Bronchi, Uterus, Urinary Tract
o Pseudostratified Columnar
▪ Cilia, Secrete
▪ Trachea, Upper Respiratory Tract
o Stratified Columnar
▪ Protect
▪ Male Urethra
o Merocrine Secretion
▪ Released by Vesicles
o Apocrine Secretion
▪ Released by Shedding Cytoplasm
o Holocrine Secretion
▪ Released by Cells Bursting
o Simple Tubular
▪ Intestinal Glands
o Simple Coiled Tubular
▪ Merocrine Sweat Glands
o Simple Branched Tubular
▪ Mucous Glands
o Simple Alveolar
▪ Not in Adult
o Simple Branched Alveolar
▪ Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
o Compound Tubular
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▪ Mucous Glands, Testes
o Compound Alveolar
▪ Mammary Glands
o Compound Tubuloalveolar
▪ Salivary Glands, Pancreas
• 4-4: Compare the structures and functions of the various types of connective tissues.
o Connective Tissue Proper
▪ Cells
• Fibroblasts
o Most Abundant, Secrete Protein and Hyaluronan
• Fibrocytes
o Second Most Abundant, Maintain Fibers of Connective Tissue
Proper
• Melanocytes
o Synthesize and Store Melanin
• Adipocytes
o Fat Cells
• Mesenchymal Cells
o Stem Cells that respond to injury
• Macrophages
o Large Immune Cells, Fixed and Free Types
• Mast Cells
o Stimulate Inflammation
• Lymphocytes
o Specialized Immune Cells that develop into Plasma Cells
• Microphages
o Respond to signals from Macrophages and Mast Cells
▪ Fibers
• Collagen Fibers
o Most Common, Strong, Resist force in one direction
• Elastic Fibers
o Contain Elastin, Return to original length after stretching
• Reticular Fibers
o Strong, Resist force in many directions, Stabilize Parenchyma
▪ Ground Substance
• Clear, Colorless, Fills space between Cells
o Types of Connective Tissue Proper
▪ Loose Connective Tissue
• Areolar Tissue
o Least Specialized, Holds Blood Vessels
• Reticular Tissue
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o Complex, in Parenchyma
• Adipose Tissue
o White Fat and Brown Fat (Only in Children), has Adipocytes and
Mesenchymal Cells
▪ Dense Connective Tissue
• Dense Regular Connective Tissue
o Tightly Packed Collagen Fibers
o In Tendons, Ligaments, Aponeuroses
• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
o Interwoven networks of Collagen Fibers
o In Skin, Cartilages, Bones
• Elastic Tissue
o Made of Elastic Fibers
o In Elastic ligaments of Spine
o Fluid Connective Tissue
▪ Specific Cell Types
• Erthrocytes
o Red Blood Cell
• Leukocytes
o White Blood Cell
• Platelets
▪ Extracellular Fluid
• Plasma
• Interstitial Fluid
• Lymph
▪ Dissolved Proteins
o Supporting Connective Tissues
▪ Cartilage
o Chondrocytes surrounded by Lacunae
o Cartilage Matrix
o Perichondrium
• Elastic Cartilage
o In External Ear, Epiglottis, Larynx
• Hyaline Cartilage
o In Synovial Joints, Ribs, Sternum, Trachea, Bronchi
• Fibrocartilage
o Limit Movements, Prevent Bone-to-Bone contact
o In Knee Joints, Pubic Bones, Intervertebral Discs
▪ Bone or Osseous Tissue
• Osteocytes
o Around Central Canals
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Document Summary
Proper: melanocytes, synthesize and store melanin, adipocytes, fat cells, mesenchymal cells, stem cells that respond to injury, macrophages, large immune cells, fixed and free types, mast cells, stimulate inflammation. Loose connective tissue: areolar tissue, least specialized, holds blood vessels, reticular tissue, complex, in parenchyma, adipose tissue, white fat and brown fat (only in children), has adipocytes and. Mesenchymal cells: dense connective tissue, dense regular connective tissue, tightly packed collagen fibers. In tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses: dense irregular connective tissue. In skin, cartilages, bones: elastic tissue, made of elastic fibers. In elastic ligaments of spine: fluid connective tissue, specific cell types, erthrocytes, red blood cell. Leukocytes: white blood cell, platelets, extracellular fluid, plasma. Interstitial fluid: dissolved proteins, supporting connective tissues, cartilage, chondrocytes surrounded by lacunae, cartilage matrix, perichondrium, elastic cartilage. In external ear, epiglottis, larynx: hyaline cartilage. In synovial joints, ribs, sternum, trachea, bronchi: fibrocartilage, limit movements, prevent bone-to-bone contact.
