BIOL 230W Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Spliceosome, Intron, Snrnp

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12 Mar 2014

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Key concepts: epigenetics studies changes in gene expression that occur without changes in the nucleotide sequence of dna, a gene is a region of dna or rna that codes for a specific protein or functional rna chain. They are usually located upstream (toward the 5" end of a dna strand) before the genes they transcribe: both promoters and enhancers are regulatory regions of dna where transcription factors bind. Promoters are usually adjacent to the genes they transcribe while enhancers can act from long distances: an operon is a group of genes that code for proteins with similar functions and that are transcribed together in a unit. This 5" capping protects the 5" end of the primary rna transcript from being degraded by ribonucleases: at the 3" end, around 250 adenine residues are added to form a poly(a) tail. This occurs if the polyadenylation signal 5"- aauaaa-3", ca cleavage sequence, and.

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Match the following:

1	Region which lies upstream of thetranslation start site contains the Shine Dalgarno sequence
2	Sequence added to the 3' end of thepre-mRNA which affects mRNA stability
3	Establishes the reading frame andspecifies the first amino acid of the protein chain
4	DNA sequence that the transcriptionapparatus recognizes and binds to initiate transcription
5	Expressed sequences of DNA that arenot removed during alternative splicing
6	Signals the end of translation andthe protein molecule
7	Group of three nucleotides that codefor an amino acid
8	Site begins the coding region of thegene and is located 25-30 nucleotides downstream of the TATAbox
9	Non-coding sequences of DNA thatintervene within coding regions of a gene
	10 Ribosome binding site ineukaryotes; functions in the initiation of translation and mRNAstability
11	A sequence which lies downstream ofthe coding region of the gene; determines the location of the 3'cleavage site in the pre-mRNA molecule
12	Sequence of nucleotides at the 3' endof the mRNA that is not translated into protein; affects thetranslation and stability of the mRNA molecule

A.	5' untranslated region
B.	AAUAAA consensus sequence
C.	Promoter
D.	Transcription start site
E.	3' untranslated region
F.	Introns
G.	Initiation codon (AUG)
H.	Poly(A) tail
I.	5' cap
J.	Termination codon (UAA, UGA, UAG)
K.	Exons
L.	Sense codon

ivorymacaw91

1 DNA sequences found in introns provide [A] amino acid sequence information.

[B] regulatory information.
[C] no known useful information.

[D] structure for the gene.
[E] alternative DNA splicing possibilities.

3. The TATA box is a(n)
[A] sequence close to the promoter region of many genes.
[B] square-shaped sequence.
[C] enhancer consensus sequence.
[D] activator sequence necessary for proper translation.
[E] None of the above

5. Regarding genes and gene expression, which of the following is not a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
[A] Eukaryotic DNA does not contain a TATA box close to the initiation site as does prokaryotic DNA.

[B] In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase requires

'transcription factors'or initiation.

[C] Prokaryotic genes are often grouped together in

operons.

[D] In eukaryotes, the regulation of several genes at once requires common control elements in each of the genes.
[E] There is a diversity of eukaryotic polymerases that is reflected in the diversity of eukaryotic promoters.

10) In eukaryotic cells, a repressor

[A] is made of DNA.
[B] binds to the enhancer region to block transcription. [

C] is located both upstream and downstream from the promoter.
[D] binds to the operator to block RNA polymerase.

[E] binds to a silencer to reduce transcription rates.

Coordinated regulation of genes in eukaryotic cells [A] is the result of positioning the same regulatory sequence in front of each gene.
[B] results from all of those genes being under the control of one promoter.

[C] occurs because related genes all have the same

operons.
[D] occurs because enhancers cause DNA to bend.

1. Which two of the following mutational changes would you predict to be the most deleterious to gene function?

a. Insertion of a single nucleotide near the end of a coding sequence.

b. Removal of a single nucleotide near the beginning of a coding sequence.

c. Deletion of three consecutive nucleotides in the middle of a coding sequence.

d. Deletion of four consecutive nucleotides in the middle of a coding sequence.

e. Substitution of one nucleotide for another in the middle of a coding sequence.

2. Which type of RNA chain encodes for proteins?

3. What are the pieces of RNA that are removed from the final, mature RNA chains by the process of splicing called?

4. There are three fundamental differences between RNA and DNA. List two of these differences.

5. What is the central dogma of molecular biology and what are the names of the processes that transmit the genetic information between the key components of the dogma?

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BIOL 230W Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Spliceosome, Intron, Snrnp

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