NUTR 451 Study Guide - Final Guide: Childhood Obesity, Bulimia Nervosa, Multiple Choice

1. How does prenatal body weight influence theamount of weight a woman should gain during pregnancy?

2. At what week of gestation does the embryonicperiod begin? When does the fetal period begin? When is the mostlikely time a teratogen can do the most damage, during theembryonic or fetal period?

3. What risks are there to a baby if the mothergains too little weight during the pregnancy? What risks are thereto a baby if the mother gains too much weight during thepregnancy?

4. What is the relationship between mercury,fish and pregnancy?

5. What are some of the common gastrointestinaldistresses pregnant women experience? What remedies are availableto manage them?

6. What is fetal alcohol syndrome? How can itbe prevented? When can it be most accurately diagnosed?

7. How does the MyPlate food guidance systemsupport a healthy pregnancy?

8. Why is a prenatal dietary supplementrecommended throughout pregnancy?

9. What benefits are there to exercising duringpregnancy? How should exercise be modified during eachtrimester?

10. What is one of the best ways to trackgrowth in children? What are you looking for when you trackgrowth?

11. What benefits to the infant are provided bybreastfeeding?

12. What benefits to the mother are provided bybreastfeeding?

13. What nutrients are vital for supportingdental health in infants and children?

14. Although breast milk has advantages overformula, breastfeeding not recommend if the nursing mother haswhich conditions?

15. At what age is it safe to switch fromformula or breast milk to cow’s milk?

16. Which solid foods should be introducedfirst and at what age and why: cereals, vegetables, andfruits?

17. Do infants have the same AMDRs as adults?If not, how are they different? Is the grams/kg body weight forprotein higher or lower for an infant compared to a teenager oradult?

18. Does eating sugary foods lead tohyperactivity in children? If not, what does?

19. What is the division of responsibilitybetween caregivers and children for feeding?

20. How would you outline a healthy dailyschedule and meal/snack pattern to follow for a preschooler and aschool-aged child?

21. Can the MyPlate tool support childhoodnutrition? How? What other tools can be used?

22. What are the consequences of obesity inchildhood? How can childhood obesity be prevented?

23. How can food allergies be prevented andmanaged in childhood?

24. The rapid weight gains that girlsexperience during adolescence begin at what ages? Forboys?

25. Are the AMDR guidelines for adults the sameas for teenagers? What are these guidelines? (Percent calories fromfat? Carbohydrate? Protein?)

26. Why are calcium and iron the most importantminerals for teenagers? Does gender make a difference?

27. If teens are overweight and it isunrealistic to believe they will grow into their current weight?What rate of weight loss is recommended in terms of pound(s) perweek?

28. Describe the typical diets of teens thatsmoke?

29. What is the nutritional consequence alcoholfor teens?

30. Adolescences should be physically activefor how many minutes/day?

31. How does body composition change over theyears? Is there anything one can do to affect this change?

32. Does Basal metabolic rate increase ordecrease with age? Why? Will the elderly need more or fewercalories per kilo body weight than those who are middleaged?

33. Do the elderly need more or less fluid percalorie intake than younger adults? Why?

34. If an elderly person has osteoporosis, canhe or she do anything to improve this condition?

35. How can a poverty-stricken older adult beassured of eating healthy meals on a regular basis?

36. Why is exercise important for theelderly?

37. How many calories are there in a gram ofalcohol? Why does consuming 2 alcoholic drinks in a man has thesame physiological affect as one drink for a woman?

38. What practices will decrease the rate ofalcohol absorption into the blood?

39. Define moderate alcohol intake in terms ofdrinks per day for men and women and say how it relates to HDLcholesterol.

16. All of the following are true about ear infections EXCEPT:

Middle ear infections (otitis media) often produce a puslike exudate (referred to as otitis media with effusion) due to infection by genera of Streptococcus, Haemophilus, or various species of anaerobes.

External auditory canal (otitis externa) infections are typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

After successful treatment of middle ear infections with antibiotics, sometimes tubes are inserted to prevent fluid accumulation, repeated infections, and hearing loss.

Pseudomonad infections are common in swimmers because these organisms are able to produce a soluble greenish-blue pigment.

Repeated ear infections in children often decrease markedly because as the child ages and the Eustachian tube changes shape and develops an angle that prevents most organisms from reaching the middle ear.

17. Why are colds difficult to treat and prevent?

Different cold viruses predominate during different seasons.

Because there are so many different types of rhino- and coronaviruses, each with different antigens, development and administration of vaccines are currently prohibitive.

Although some human interferons have been shown to block or limit rhinovirus infections, delivery to infection sites is difficult, and unwanted side effects can occur.

All of the above.

Both a and c.

18. Which of the following is NOT true about parainfluenza viruses?

Most infants by the age of 6 months have been exposed to and develop antibodies against all 4 parainfluenza viruses.

They cause rhinitis characterized by nasal, pharyngeal, and bronchial inflammation, primarily in children.

Parainfluenza virus infection can be prevented by vaccination.

They can cause noisy respiration (stridor) and acute obstruction of the larynx called croup.

The viruses are spread by direct contact or by large droplets.

19. In whooping cough, patients experience violent coughing episodes during the _________ stage and can have bluing of the skin or _________ due to lack of oxygen from massive mucus and bacterial airway blockage.

Paroxysmal; cyanosis

Catarrhal; pigmentation

Convalescent; osmosis

Pneumotic; hydrolysis

Primary; emesis

20. Penicillins have no effect on Mycoplasma pneumoniae because:

Mycoplasmas are viruses

Mycoplasmas possess beta lactamases

Mycoplasmas are too small

Mycoplasmas are eukaryotes

Mycoplasmas lack cell walls

21. How many cases of tuberculosis are reported globally each year?

10

10,000

100,000

3 million

10 million

22. Mycobacteria are difficult to Gram stain, and are termed “acid-fast” due to their:

Ability to survive in acidic conditions

Resistance to drying

Thick, waxy cell walls

Resistance to sunlight

Lack of a peptidoglycan layer

23. Which of the following is true about pathogenic mycobacteria?

They have a long generation time of 12 to 18 hours.

They are obligate anaerobes sensitive to small amounts of oxygen.

They are highly resistant to drying and can remain viable in dried sputum 6 to 8 months later.

Both a and b.

Both a and c.

24. Clinical symptoms of tuberculosis are primarily due to:

Host inflammatory response

Mycotoxins

Endotoxin

Mucus production

Exotoxin

25. What characteristic of Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, allows it to survive for up to 2 years?

Metachromatic granule

Exotoxin

Endospore

Hemagglutinin

Cilia

26. The normal microflora of the heart includes species of:

Gram-positive bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria

Fungi

Viruses

None of these

27. Which of the following is commonly directly responsible for causing septic shock today?

Bacterial hemagglutinins

Bacterial endotoxins

Bacterial exotoxins

Fungal aflatoxins

Bacterial neurotoxins

28. All of the following are symptoms of septic shock EXCEPT

Shock

Lymphangitis

Chills

Fever

Collapsed blood vessels

29. What is the most likely explanation of how Streptococcus pyogenes causes rheumatic fever?

Strep throat infections migrate down to the heart.

Endotoxin production causes septicemia.

Vegetation followed by fibrin deposition.

Cross-reactivity of an antibody for a Streptococcus pyogenes antigen to a heart cell antigen.

It is an opportunistic infection triggered by coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis.

30. Bacterial endocarditis is an infection and inflammation of the lining and valves of the heart and occurs as a result of transient bacteria attaching to fibrin from exposed collagen fibers of damaged valvular surfaces. True or false?

Medical History:
Mrs. KY is a 45 yr old Caucasian female, married with two teenage sons. She is employed as a senior manager at a large bank and reports experiencing an “above average” level of tension and stress. She presents at the referral of her primary care physician, who has observed that the client has elevated blood pressure and cholesterol levels that may be attributed to her stressful and highly sedentary job. In addition, the client admits that she would like to lose 30 to 40 lb (14 to 18 kg) and improve her fitness so that she can ride her bike with her husband on a community rail trail recently installed by her neighborhood.

Diagnosis:
Mrs. KY is a sedentary but otherwise healthy middle-aged female with significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease including obesity, dyslipidemia, and psychosocial stress. At the request of her physician she seeks to start exercising as part of a disease prevention program.

Exercise Test Results:
The client is 5 feet 6 in. tall (168 cm) and weighs 196 lb (89 kg), with a body mass index of 31.7. She has a resting heart rate of 85 beats · min–1 and a resting blood pressure of 136/89 mmHg. Her total cholesterol is 198 mg · dl–1 untreated, and her high-density lipoproteins are 34 mg · dl–1. Her graded treadmill stress test revealed that she has a V.O2max of 20.5 ml · kg–1 · min–1, which is normal for an unfit woman of her age range. Her electrocardiogram was also unremarkable at rest, as well as during and following her test. In addition, she reported smoking from ages 17 to 40. She also complains of occasional joint stiffness in her hands and ankles. The client describes herself as nonathletic and admits to never participating in an organized sport or exercise setting. She is aware of the benefits of exercise but did not feel an incentive to begin a formal program until her doctor’s recommendation. The client jokes that although her workday is highly organized and structured, the rest of her life is chaotic and that it is due only to the support of her husband and kids that anything gets done at home. She laments that her eating habits are atrocious and that she is so tired when she gets home from work that she has only enough energy to make dinner before crashing in front of the television. She presents to you to start a workout program that will help achieve her goals.

Exercise Prescription:
The exercise plan including the traditional components—frequency, intensity, duration, and modality (discussed in detail in later chapters)—may be tailored to address specific risk factors. The subject’s medical history, however, clearly indicates that this person had not prioritized exercise participation until she received her doctor’s recommendation. Moreover, she presents with numerous potential barriers to engaging in a physically active lifestyle, as well as behaviors that contribute to her overweight status. The clinician should assist the participant in establishing awareness and developing strategies to address those barriers. Furthermore, the clinician should consider tailoring strategies for motivating the participant toward the adoption of a healthy, physically active lifestyle.

Questions:
1. Applying the transtheoretical model, at what stage of exercise adoption is this client?

2. Based on your response to question 1, what types of interventions are most appropriate for this stage of change and why?

3. If you used the health belief model, what factors would you emphasize to achieve optimal exercise adherence?

4. How would Bandura’s social cognitive theory be relevant to fostering exercise adherence for this client?