NUR 424- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 83 pages long!)
Document Summary
Tbi: primary tbi: at moment of trauma. Damage direct to cell bodies, axonal projections and or blood vessels, causing acute death of neurons: secondary tbi: occurs immediately after trauma, and produces that may last a lifetime. Delayed excitotoxiciity, inflammation of brain, calcium influx, free radicals are generated, blood brain barrier opening, receptor activation, brain cell death: neuronal dysfunction: brain swelling, edema, hypotension, ischemia, hypothermia, raised icp. Injury to brain without injury to skull: tbi types. Lineral: single fracture line: comminuted: skull in splintered or shattered, depressed: fragment is depressed. Scalp and or dura may or may not be torn: basal: fracture involving the base of skull. History and assessment of patients with tbi: battle sign, ra(cid:272)(cid:272)oo(cid:374)"s eye, culle(cid:374)"s sig(cid:374): superfi(cid:272)ial ede(cid:373)a a(cid:374)d (cid:271)ruisi(cid:374)g i(cid:374) the su(cid:271)(cid:272)uta(cid:374)eous fatty tissue arou(cid:374)d the umbilicus, gray-turner sign: bruising to the flanks: a sign of retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Hypoxic- ischemic injury, anoxic brain injury, hematoma skull fracture (blunt or penetrating: diffuse axonal injury.
