01:694:495 Final: Chromatin & Epigenomics- Final Exam Review Part 2

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cerisehound184

30 Oct 2014

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Epigenomics- cells have potential to change into different cells depending on where they are lying in the body (get instructions from environment). Describes the differentiation of totipotent cells to different cellt ypes depending on their position within the early embryo, although the genetic information in all body cells is identical. Epigenesis fusion between genetic component (genes on and off can tell what cell becomes) and the environment of cell above gene level . Chromosomes of twins are methylated in different places. lifestyle & nutrition can change not only your physical appearance and how chromosomes are read. Packaging of dna- allows 6 ft of dna (containing whole genome) to be packed into. *chromosomes are only condensed and visible during mitosis and separating. Use of electron microscope to understand chromatin chemistry: Throw salts on it to change structure (play with salt concentration). Will form zig- zag pattern that are more condensed. Play with concentration further beads on a string .

Related Questions

Question 11 pts

What is a mutation?

A dangerous alteration in the genes of a living organism.

Any change in the base sequence of an organism's DNA.

Any genetic alteration in an organisms physical appearance.

A broken piece of a DNA molecule.

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Question 21 pts

How many "genetic words" are there in the genetic code formed by combining three DNA bases together?

128

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Question 31 pts

What is the shape of a DNA molecule?

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Question 41 pts

Which of the following is not one of the DNA bases used by living organisms on Earth?

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Question 51 pts

What is the genome of an organism?

The longest of its DNA molecules.

The complete sequence of DNA bases in all its DNA.

The noncoding parts of the DNA.

All the genes in an organism's DNA.

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Question 61 pts

The process by which DNA is copied to be passed on to the next generation of an organism is called:

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Question 71 pts

If every cell in your body has exactly the same DNA, why are brain cells different from muscle cells?

Because they are located in different parts of your body.

Because different types of cells use different pieces of the same DNA.

Because the noncoding DNA behaves differently in different cell types.

Because while all cells in your body may have the same DNA, they have different genomes.

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Question 81 pts

Which kind of extreme environment are psychrophiles able to survive?

Extremely low pressure.

Extreme heat.

Extreme cold.

Extreme acidity.

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Question 91 pts

What are thermophiles ?

Organisms that live in extremely cold conditions.

Organisms that live in extremely hot conditions.

Organisms that live in extremely acidic conditions.

Organisms that can live in highly radioactive environments.

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Question 101 pts

What characteristic is the bacterial species Deinococcus Radiodurans known for?

For being discovered on radio antennas.

For being able to survive high doses of radiation.

For being able to live inside rocks.

For being the first life discovered on Mars.

Chapter 10

1.Outline the history of our knowledge on DNA up to Watson and Crick. What were the main contributions made by each researcherâs key experiment?

2.Explain the setup of the Hershey and Chase experiment, what would the results have been if protein was the genetic material?

3.Draw the structure of a DNA nucleotide, labeling each main component correctly. How does an RNA nucleotide differ?

4.If a section of double stranded DNA contains 19% Adenine, how much Thymine is present?

5.You are a researcher studying the genetic basis of heart attacks and have been working to determine the expression levels of different genes that might contribute to cancer formation. You obtain the DNA methylation status of five genes of interest (the data are shown in the table below). The plus (+) sign indicates the level of DNA methylation; more plus signs correlates with increased methylation levels.Based on this information which genes would you predict to have the highest rate of transcription?

Gene	Methylation levels
1	++
2	+++++
3	+++
4	++
5	+

What are the characteristics of the 3 main DNA forms?

Chapter 11

What are the different types of chromatin?

What are the structures and important roles for telomeres and centromeres?

What are the differences found between eukaryotic chromosomes and mitochondrial?

Chapter 12

Explain each of the different models of replication.

If you grow a culture of bacteria in media with radioactive nucleotides so that all DNA in the cells include radioactive nucleotides and then place the bacteria in new non radioactive media. After two rounds of replication what proportion of the DNA molecules will contain radioactivity?

Summarize the similarities and differences between rolling-circle replication, theta replication and linear eukaryotic replication.

What are the functions of the different DNA polymerases found in eukaryotic cells?

Draw a replication fork and include all key components and orientations. (Leading/lagging strands, DNA helicase, RNA primer and DNA gyrase)

What is the Holliday model of recombination and what are the necessary steps?

Chapter 13

What are the different types of RNA and what roles do they play?

Describe the properties and functions of each of the RNA polymerases and how they differ depending on the organism.

Describe in detail the process and mechanisms of transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Chapter 14

What are the primary purposes of each of the three post transcriptional modifications that occur in eukaryotic cells.

What is alternative splicing and what role does it play in the cell?

How is ribosomal RNA processed after transcription?

How do siRNA and miRNA work, describe/draw out the process in detail.

1. What reaction is catalyzed by reverse transcriptase and used in the laboratory to generate cDNA?

a. transcription of RNA to DNA

b. transcription of DNA to RNA

c. conversion of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides

d. translation of RNA to DNA

e. conversion of a ribonucleotide to a DNA double helix

2. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine the amount of mRNA arising from a particular gene.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. b and c

3. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine how a primary transcript is converted to mature mRNA

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. a and d

4. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine when a particular mRNA is actually used in protein synthesis.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. None of the above because protein synthesis takes place immediately

5. Under what circumstances do cells selectively activate and suppress their genes?

a. at different stages of embryonic development

b. in different tissues

c. exposure to different types of stimuli

d. No such circumstances exist in natureâcells express all their genes throughout life.

e. a, b and c

6. Which statement about the control of gene expression is FALSE?

a. A single gene may be controlled by different transcription factors.

b. A single transcription factor may be necessary for the expression of different genes.

c. Each cell type has a characteristic pattern of gene transcription, which is determined by the particular complement of transcription factors contained in that cell.

d. Expression of protein genes is primarily controlled in nucleoli

e. Control of gene transcription is complex and influenced by various circumstances.

7. What is thought to maintain X chromosome inactivation in females?

a. DNA acetylation

b. DNA methylation

c. RNA inactivation

d. Histone methylation

e. None of the above because both X chromosomes are active in females and males.

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01:694:495 Final: Chromatin & Epigenomics- Final Exam Review Part 2

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