12000 km Earth’s diameter
33 C: Greenhouse Effect
0
23.5 : Tilt of the Earth
15 C: Average temperature of Earth
30% of solar radiation is reflected on average
29.5 days: Lunar cycle
st 0
June 21 : 23.5 N: Summer Solstice (right over Tropic of Cancer)
December 21 : 23.5 S: Winter Solstice (right over Tropic of Capricorn)
March 20 and September 22 : Equator: Equinoxes
Factors Influence Climate: Trade winds, land/sea breezes, westerlies
Positive feedback:
Adds to whatever effect is happening (response amplified)
Negative feedback:
Negates effect (response reduced)
Climate
Broad, average conditions of region
Weather
Daytoday specified region
Earth in General
030 Celcius, average 15
Chaos
Complex behavior of simple systems in math terms (wallet down ski slope)
Why is the top of the mountain cold?
Atmospheric gases affected by gravity density and pressure of molecules greater
in lower atmosphere. Temperature decreases in height. Unstable atmosphere is good
because it creates diffusion via mixing.
Convection
Warm air parcels take energy and bring heat to upper elevations. Causes heavy
CFC molecules to rise to the top of atmosphere and destroy the ozone (create ozone hole) Conduction
Heating over top holding a flame over water. Poor form of heating (oceanic
heating) takes forever for heat to travel down. Only top 100 m of ocean is heated
significantly
Radiation
Like a pot solar radiation heats Earth’s surface which in turn heats atmosphere
(it’s a circle of radiation)
Stability
Unstable is good, stable is bad. Unstable is when the air parcel is warmer than its
surroundings and rises spontaneously. As it rises, it expands, and cools, then sinks back
down, mixing the air and diffusion pollutants.
Heating of Atmosphere
Earth is surrounded atmosphere which keeps it warm like a blanket temps
warmer in lower parts of atmosphere than upper parts
Atmosphere and gases affected by gravity and as result density and pressure of
lower part of atmosphere is higher than upper part.
LAWS:
Charles Law
Volume expands uniformly with temperature provided pressure is constant.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat is form of energy and energy is conserved
Boyle’s Law
Increase pressure leads to decrease volume
Gas Law
Combination of Charles and Boyles laws, resulting in adiabatic lapse rate, or the
rate of decrease of temperature in the atmosphere
Adiabatic Lapse Rate
10C/km (explains cycle of unstability)
Inversion
When the surface is cooler than the atmosphere.
CLOUDS
3 Basic Forms of Clouds
Stratus (thin sheets)
Cirrus (wispy ice crystals)
Cumulus (grow vertically, produce rain and lightning) Latent Heat of Melting
0 0
80 calories to melt 1 gram of ice at 0 C into water at 0 C
Latent Heat of Freezing
Amount of heat required to freeze one unit of water at 0 C to ice at 0 C 0
Latent Heat of Vaporization
0 0
540 calories to convert one gram of water at 100 C to water vapor at 100 C
Latent Heat of Condensation
Amount of heat required to convert 1 unit of water vapor at 100 C to water at
100 C
Hydrological Cycle
Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation (water either runs off into the ocean to
be evaporated again or its absorbed by the soil)
Uncertainty of Clouds
Can both heat and cool
Heating
Increased temperatures increase evaporation which brings more water
vapor, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere and warms the atmosphere
Cooling
Clouds reflect solar radiation (photons of light) back into space so they are
no absorbed by the earth, decreasing heating
Clouds emit radiation to space according to temperature
Fronts
When warm and cold fronts collide, they create storms
High Clouds
Emit radiation at a lower temperatureallows more radiation to pass through the
clouds, reflects less radiation into space, warming
Low Clouds
Emits radiation at a higher temperaturereflect more radiation and emit more
radiation into space, cooling
Planetary Energy Balance
Balance between the amount of incoming radiation and outgoing radiation
Sea Breeze
During the day, the land is warmer, creating a pressure gradient with the sea,
causing air to flow from the sea to the land.
Land Breeze
During the night, the land cools faster than the water, and the surface pressure
may be greater (in comparison to the sea) and the air flows from the land to the sea Hadley Circulation
Heating results in warm air that rises near the equator and cold air sinks at the
poles. As a polar moving air parcel rises from the equator, it moves faster and faster
creating a Jetstream at mid latitudes. Intense heating in the low latitude causes air to rise,
after rising, limitation of tropospheric height causes divergence. Air subsides around the
30N and 30S replacing the air movement to the equator. (possible drawing) Hadley Cell
Coriolis Effect
Northern Hemisphere air masses curve to the right
Southern Hemisphere air masses curve to the left.
Force associated with this deflection is the Coriolis Force.
More Circulation
High pressure equals dry areas because sinking air represses convection, leading
to little precipitation
Low pressure equals moist areas because rising air encourages convection leading
to precipitation
Some air that sinks around 30 latitude moves poleward along the ground and is
deflected. This forms the Westerly winds.
Weather
Laminar Flow
Smooth flow corresponding to regular wel
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