KINE 223 Final: Study Guide

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emeraldkoala970

24 Jan 2017

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Not all scientific studies are created equal david h. schwartz. Dietary/medical info: studies w/ animals or cells can point to areas of more research, only can know how something will affect humans is through a study. Problem is rcts are not always possible: not practical, would require too many volunteers. Why can"t we rely on epidemiological studies to study causal relationships with: factors that can affect the study in addition to the factor being studied , epidemiological studies need multiple well conducted studies. Single epidemiological study can only demonstrate a correlation between a. Learn about actual study before jumping to conclusions substance and a health outcome: rather than a true cause and effect relationship. Find four demographically confirmed areas that are geographically defined: team of experts to find what these people do cross culture distillation, if you try really hard you can live to be 100. Only about 1 out of every 5,000 people in america live to be 100.

Related Questions

Need a little help!

You will be given a list of court questions to include qualifying questions as well as questions that would likely be asked by the prosecutor and defense attorney. You will write the answers to these questions, show a synthesis of all the information learned not only in this class but also in previous investigative forensics courses.

For the Defense!

1. While fully rolled fingerprints might be unique, what about latent prints, are they unique?

2. Are there any validation studies as to the uniqueness of latent prints?

3. How reliable is the transfer of information from the 3D surface of the finger to a 2D impression?

4. Whatâs the difference between verification and blind verification?

5. Is there bias in the field? Explain.

6. Are you familiar with the decision in the Rose case? Please Explain.

7. If you are using the scientific method in your work, what are the appropriate hypotheses?

8. Can you define distortion?

9. Dissimilarity?

10. Is that the same as a difference?

11. How many differences have to occur in a print for it to be an exclusion?

12. So if you can explain a difference away you call it a distortion?

13. How do we know you donât take a difference and explain it away to make an identification?

14. Are you familiar with the NAS report?

15.Now in reference to your latents, you marked things you perceived as matching, correct? Can you point out some differences?

16.There are no differences, but right here, these donât look the same.

17.So youâre saying the differences donât matter?

Thanks!

harlequincamel536

Chose the correct answers on one through 15(plese help)

1.A research group hypothesizes that successful infection by HIVdepends upon the expression of FSH3, a human gene. They overexpressthis gene in T cells (Which HIV normally infects) so that FSH3protein levels are very high in these cells. In other T-cells, theymutate FSH3 so that none of its encoded protein is made. They thenmeasure HIV infection rate in the control, overexpression, andmutant T cells. The three cultures are otherwise grown in the sameway.

What is the independent variable(s) in this experiment? (Selectall correct answers)

		FSH3 protein levels
		The medium in which cells are grown
		The temperature at which cells are grown
		HIV resistance of cells

Question 2

Which arises from an error in a measurement or observation?

		Technical variability
		Biological variability
		Standard error
		Standard deviation

Question 3

Use the following description of an experiment to answer thenext question.

A research group hypothesizes that successful infection by HIVdepends upon the expression of FSH3, a human gene. They overexpressthis gene in T cells (Which HIV normally infects) so that FSH3protein levels are very high in these cells. In other T-cells, theymutate FSH3 so that none of its encoded protein is made. They thenmeasure HIV infection rate in the control, overexpression, andmutant T cells. The three cultures are otherwise grown in the sameway.

What is the control group(s) in this experiment? (Select allcorrect answers)

		The unaltered T cells
		The medium in which cells are grown
		The T cells in which FSH3 is mutated
		The T cells overexpressing FSH3

Question 4

How many of the following statements are true?

I. All papers have an abstract, methods, results, and discussionsection

II. The methods always follows the introduction

		0
		2
		1

Question 5

If scientific convention states that when a P value of less than0.05 is considered significant (in other words, the two groupsbeing measured are actually different), this means that: (Selectall correct answers)

		If you were to repeat the experiment 100 times, there would notbe a significant difference between the groups in 5 of theexperiments
		95% of all conclusions that state two groups are not differentbased on a 0.5% p-value threshold are false negatives
		The groups are actually not different from each other 95% of thetime
		5% of all conclusions that state two groups are different basedon a 0.5% p-value threshold are false positives

What information is typically found in the introduction sectionof a paper? (Select all that apply)

		The dependent and independent variables within the study
		Which areas of the field are not well understood and whatquestion the study addresses
		How the main question of the paper is related to other researchin the field.
		How previous work forms the basis for the current study
		The purpose of the study
		Details of the approaches used
		A summary of relevant related studies

Question 7

How can you judge for yourself whether the conclusions reachedin a paper are valid? (Select all that apply)

		Read papers of other authors studying the same question or areaof inquiry
		Determine if each hypothesis is supported by different types ofevidence/approaches.
		Consider closely whether the data actually both addresses andsupports the authorâs hypothesis.
		Examine the amount of data in the paper, and how long the paperis.
		Whether the authors find a mechanism, or exactly how on variableaffects another.
		Interpret the data for yourself without looking the discussion,then compare your interpretations to that of the authorâs.

Question 8

Where can you usually find the institutional affiliations (wherethey work) of the authors?

		Within the discussion
		In the acknowledgements section
		Below the authors list
		This is not usually included in papers

Question 9

Other than publishing primary research articles, what is themain way scientists disseminate their results?

		Lab meetings
		Personal correspondence
		Conference seminars
		Public lectures

Question 10

Use the following description of an experiment to answer thenext question.

What is the experimental group(s) in this experiment? (Selectall correct answers)

		Each group is its own control
		The T cells overexpressing FSH3
		The T cells in which FSH3 is mutated
		The unaltered T cells

grayclam130

About 250 companies on the Internet now sell genetic tests directly to consumers. These companies include 23andMe, Navi- genics, GenePlanet, Gene by Gene, DNA Tribes, Genelex, Genova Diagnostics, Sure Genomics, Suracell, African Ances- try.50 The companies ask customers to collect a sample of their genetic DNA with a cheek swab and send it to them for testing. During testing, most companies put the customer’s gene sample on a small flat “DNA microarray chip” that already contains pieces of DNA matching known genes (or gene mutations). If one of the customer’s genes matches one of the pieces of DNA on the chip, it binds to the DNA fragment, which creates a tiny fluorescent glow showing that the gene indicated by the DNA fragment is in the sample. A computer then analyzes the pattern of glowing spots on the chip and prints out a list of the genes (or gene muta- tions) in the customer’s sample. Scientists have discovered a few genes that are associated with specific diseases or personal characteristics. Studies found, for example, genes or gene muta- tions that are linked to cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs disease, and Lou Gehrig’s disease, genes that increase the risk of certain breast, colon, and thyroid cancers, and genes associated with sensation seeking, eye color, obesity, and lactose intolerance. They also found that some genes are more often found in people whose ancestors came from certain regions of the world. The gene- testing companies say that based on these studies and their own genetic research, they can give customers valuable personalized information (for a price, of course).

Critics say that some companies make claims that have little scientific validity. One company, Gene Planet, advertises on its website that it provides “an individually tailored diet and life-style plan based on a genetic analysis of each individ- ual . . . based on the fact that each individual possesses a
to bear all the costs of injury. Such a distribution of costs would seem to be more fair than imposing the costs on a few victims.
Underlying this third view of the duties of the manu- facturer are the standard utilitarian assumptions about the value of efficiency. This view assumes that an efficient use of resources is so important for society that social costs should be allocated in whatever way will lead to a more efficient use and care of our resources. On this basis, the social costs view argues that a manufacturer should bear the social costs for injuries caused by defects in a product even when no negligence was involved and no contractual relationship existed between the manufacturer and user.
specific genetic makeup and therefore each individual has spe- cific nutritional needs.” Another site promises: “Based upon . . . [genetic] analysis, Suracell recommends to each client a personalized regimen of nutraceuticals [vitamin supple- ments].” Thirty companies offer to identify people’s ancestry based on their genetic profiles. One company, for example, states: “DNA Tribes . . . uses genetic material . . . to measure your genetic connections to individual ethnic groups and major world regions.” Several companies offer paternity testing and “infidelity” tests, including a British company named “Who’z the Daddy?” Thirty-eight companies claim they test for genes related to athletic performance, such as DNA Fit, which adver- tises that “we test your DNA for 20 key genes to help you truly understand your body, and how best to train for your genetics.” For $1,500 Map My Gene offers to test for 46 distinct talents and character traits such as optimism and shyness.
A couple of companies offer to test for compatibility between lovers. Instant Chemistry, Inc., for example, claims on its web- site that “scientific research has shown that relationship markers—a combination of genetics and psychology—strongly affect who we are attracted to and how successful our relation- ships are. . . . Complementary genes result in a higher level of physical attraction and a higher likelihood of a long-term stable relationship.” Some companies, like Chemlaba, claim to do it all: “With a simple saliva sample we’ll help you gain insight into your traits, from baldness to muscle performance. Discover risk fac- tors for 95 diseases. Know your predicted response to drugs, from blood thinners to coffee. And uncover your ancestral ori- gins.” Critics claim, however, that with a few exceptions, most studies have shown only weak connections between genes and specific traits, disease risks, drug responses, nutritional or vita- min needs, talents, athletic performance, compatibility, or ancestral origins. Many studies that link specific genes to a dis- ease are only preliminary, and the full picture has not yet been worked out, while other studies conclude that many traits are the result of complex and unclear interactions among many genes and the environment.

Evaluate the ethics of selling gene tests directly to consumers like these companies are doing. What would each of the three theories of a business's duties to consumers say about what the companies are doing? Under what conditions do you think selling the tests would be ethically legitimate, and why?

maroonbutterfly371

KINE 223 Final: Study Guide

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