04/15/2014
1.1
Learning Objectives
Identify the goals of psychological science
Provided examples of psychology’s relevance to reallife contexts
Define critical thinking
Trace the development of psychology since its formal inception in 1879
Why Study Psychology?
Helps us understand ourselves and others and improve our lives
Many of our intuitions and beliefs are wrong
Psychological knowledge used in many professions
Important to think critically about our ideas and research findings
Terms
Psychological science: the study of mind, brain, and behavior
Critical thinking: systematically evaluating information to reach reasonable conclusions
1.2
Learning Objectives
Define the nature/nurture debate and the mind/body problem
Identify the major schools of thought that have characterized the history of experimental psychology
What Are the Scientific Foundations of Psychology?
Structuralists ▯ used introspection to identify basic components of mental processes (started with Wilhelm Wundt in
1879)
Functionalists ▯ believed you needed to focus on understanding how the mind functions (behavior), not on its
elements
Focus on understanding subjective mind/experience of perception
Gestalt movement focused on people’s perceptions
Freud emphasized the unconscious mind As behaviorism emerged, the study of how behavior is changed by its consequences, psychologists criticized for
studying the mind too subjectively and unscientifically ▯ led to emphasis on the study of observable behavior
Cognitive revolution (1960s) led to research on mental processes, such as memory, language, and decisions making
Information processing theories
Cognitive neuroscience emerged in 1980s – study of neural mechanisms underlying thought, learning, and memory
Interest in influence of social contexts on behavior and mental activity
Research on how male domination in the field affected psychology’s content once women entered field
Psychological therapy ▯ different treatments for different disorders
Terms
Culture: the beliefs, values, rules and customs that exist within a group of people who share a common language
and environment and that are transmitted through learning from one generation to the next
Nature/nurture debate: the arguments concerning whether psychological characteristics are biologically innate
or acquired through education, experience, and culture
Mind/body problem: a fundamental psychological issue: are mind and body separate and distinct, or is the
mind simply the physical brain’s subjective experience?
Introspection: a systematic examination of subjective mental experiences that requires people to inspect and
report on the content of their thoughts
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