APR 280 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Primum Non Nocere, Operational Definition, Nonprobability Sampling
APR 280
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Research Ethics
Ethics
● What is ethics in general?
● What are the differences between laws and ethics?
● Are there any behaviors that are accepted by law but not ethics?
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
● A set of moral principles
Ethics
● What is the ethics for students?
● What is the ethics for teachers?
● What is the ethics for ad/PR professionals?
Frey, Botan, and Kreps (2000)
● Provide the people being studied with free choice
● Protect their right to privacy
● Benefit them rather than harming them
● Treat them with respect
The Four Principles
● Autonomy
○ The subject has a choice to participate
○ The choice is made without coercion
○ The choice is made without undue influence
○ The subject has foreknowledge of risks or benefits
○ **free to come, free to go**
● Nonmaleficence
○ It is wrong to intentionally inflict harm on subjects
■ Nazi research
■ The Stanford prison experiment
○ In communication research, physical harm is rare, but psychological stress is
common
■ Helath communication (video games/porns)
■ Political communication (polarized opinion)
● Beneficence
○ Beneficence stipulates a positive obligation to remove existing harms and to
confer benefits on others
○ Balance benefits and risks/harms
● Justice
○ People who are equal in relevant respects should be treated equally
○ E.g. New teaching method vs. Traditional teaching method
Privacy
● Protection of privacy
○ Anonymity
■ E.g. student pool
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
○ Confidentiality
■ E.g. password protected
● Participants should be told who have access to the data
Federal Regulations
● Institutional Review Board
○ IRB Application
■ Purpose of study
■ Method, design, procedure, materials
■ Sampling method
■ Risks and benefits
■ Informed consent
● A voluntary agreement to participate in research
○ Purpose and procedure
○ Voluntary to participate
○ Foreseeable risks
○ Benefits
○ Contact info if subjects have questions
■ Privacy
■ Recruiting procedure
■ Time
AEJMC Code of Ethical Research
● Plagiarism and conflict of interest violate ethical research standards
● Knowingly causing harm to research participants is unethical
● Data collection, processing, and analysis must be undertaken with integrity
● Research studies must be reported accurately and objectively
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Provide the people being studied with free choice. The subject has a choice to participate. The choice is made without undue influence. The subject has foreknowledge of risks or benefits. It is wrong to intentionally inflict harm on subjects. In communication research, physical harm is rare, but psychological stress is common. Beneficence stipulates a positive obligation to remove existing harms and to confer benefits on others. People who are equal in relevant respects should be treated equally. Participants should be told who have access to the data. A voluntary agreement to participate in research. Plagiarism and conflict of interest violate ethical research standards. Knowingly causing harm to research participants is unethical. Data collection, processing, and analysis must be undertaken with integrity. Research studies must be reported accurately and objectively. Data and conclusions are not shared with the public. Qualitative research is empirical research where the data are not in the form of numbers.
