BSCI 124 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Proso Millet, Low-Density Lipoprotein, High-Density Lipoprotein
30 Apr 2018
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BSCI 124 Exam 3 Review
Agriculture in the World
• Agriculture- the science, art and practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops and
raising livestock
Early Sites of Agriculture
• The near East, the “Fertile Crescent” of Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq, Iran, Turkey,
Syria, Lebanon, Israel)
o 14,000 years ago
o Early plants: wheat, barley, pea, lentil
• The far East: Southeast Asia, modern day Thailand, China,
o 8,000 years ago began cultivating rice, millet, broomcorn millet, rapeseed, hemp
• New World: modern day Mexico and Peru
o 12,000-10,000 years ago: Tehuacan Valley (beans, corn, tomato, peanut, chili
peppers, squash, potato, cacao)
Cultivated Plants
• Regions where many cultivated plants came from
• From these centers, plants and animals were dispersed and spread to other areas of the
world- by explorers, invaders, travelers, etc.
Agriculture in the U.S.
• 16% of land is used as crop land, 34% is used for pasture and grazing
• Four major crops are planted on 80% of crop land (corn, wheat, soybeans, hay)
• Vegetables, fruits, nuts are produced on 7%
• Steady increase in agricultural yield per acre without any significant increase in new land
o Improved crops varieties – higher yield
o Improved agricultural practices
o Improved pest control – resistant cultivars
o Tailored fertilization of crops
Macronutrients- Required in large amounts
1. Carbohydrates (4 Cal/gr)
o Monosaccharides- Basic building block of all carbohydrates
▪ Glucose- Most abundant monosaccharide (transported in the blood)
▪ Metabolized during cellular respiration to produce energy
▪ Fructose and galactose are other important monosaccharides
o Disaccharides- Composed of two monosaccharides joined together
▪ Sucrose (table sugar) is the most common disaccharide
▪ Lactose (milk sugar, Maltose (germinating grains)
o Polysaccharides- Contain hundreds or thousands of individual sugar units
▪ Starch- long glucose chain found stored in plants (potato, wheat, rice,
beans, corn)
• Broken into glucose by enzymes in the saliva
▪ Glycogen- The storage form of glucose in the human body
▪ Fiber- Derived from plants, comes from cellulose
• Can be soluble (found in oat, reduces cholesterol levels and risk of
heart disease) or insoluble (found in fruit, bran, veggies)
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2. Proteins (4 Cal/gr)
o Large, complex molecules that perform many functions in the body, made from
smaller building blocks called Amino Acids
o Essential amino acids- 9 amino acids that the body can not make and must come
from the diet
o Complete proteins- Contain all the essential amino acids
▪ Proteins from animal sources are complete
▪ Proteins from plant sources are incomplete
3. Fats/lipids (9 Cal/gr)
o Have a glycerol head (hydrophilic) and a hydrophobic tail (fatty acid)
o Saturated fatty acids
▪ Carbon atoms are joined by a single bond
▪ Solid at room temperature (butter, lard, beef fat)
▪ Leads to obesity, heart disease and cancer
o Unsaturated fatty acids
▪ Carbon-carbon bonds are double bonds
▪ Liquid at room temperature (corn oil, olive oil)
▪ Lower the risk of heart disease by lowering cholesterol levels
o Cholesterol
▪ Subcategory of lipids called steroids
▪ Important for making cell membranes and human hormones
▪ Animal products like eggs, butter, meat, cheese contain high cholesterol
▪ Plant products contain unsaturated fat, which lower cholesterol levels
• Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is bad cholesterol: causes blockage
of the arteries, restricts blood flow causing heart attacks
• High density lipoprotein (HDL) is good cholesterol: helps decrease
LDL cholesterol levels
Micronutrients- Required in small amounts
1. Vitamins- Essential for the proper functioning of certain enzymes/directly involved in
synthesizing compounds
o Vitamin A
▪ Important in formation of vision pigments, helps maintain smooth, healthy
skin, bone and tooth development
▪ Animal source: liver
▪ Plant source: yellow, orange and dark green fruits/vegetables
▪ Deficiency causes: night blindness, dry/scaly skin, lack of bone growth
o Vitamin B complex
▪ 8 vitamins, all water soluble
▪ Most act as coenzymes, help in breakdown and release of energy
▪ Deficiency causes: fatigue, weakness, depression, dermatitis, anemia
▪ Good source: meat, fish, chicken, whole grains, seeds/nuts/legumes
▪ Vitamin B12 from animal sources only
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find more resources at oneclass.com
o Vitamin C
▪ Water soluble
▪ Important role in the synthesis of collagen (connective tissue of cells)
found in bones, teeth, cartilage
▪ Good antioxidant and helps in absorption of iron
▪ Deficiency causes scurvy (fatigue, brittle bones, hemorrhages in skin)
▪ Good sources: lemon, orange, grapefruit
o Vitamin D
▪ Helps to regulate calcium and phosphorous levels in normal bone
development
▪ Can be synthesized on exposure to sunlight
▪ Small amounts in egg, liver, cream butter, milk and other products
2. Minerals- Inorganic compounds that exist in the body as free ions or as part of larger
molecules
o There are 17 different minerals required by the body
1. Calcium- most abundant mineral in the body, most found in the bones/teeth
▪ Deficiency causes osteoporosis (degenerative bone disease)
▪ Milk, dairy products, dark green leafy veggies (spinach), many seeds/nuts
2. Iron- Trace mineral (needed in smaller amounts)
▪ Functions as a component of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries
oxygen in red blood cells
▪ Can cause anemia
▪ Good animal sources: liver, shellfish, fish, poultry
▪ Good plant sources: dark green leafy veggies, dried fruits, legumes, whole
grains, breads, cereals
3. Iodine- Trace mineral; required for the formation of the thyroid hormones that
regulate cell metabolism
▪ Deficiency causes goiter: swelling of the thyroid gland
▪ Iodized salt is the best source
Calories
• A measure of energy
• The amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree C
• Food energy measured in kilocalories (kcal = 1000 calories)
• Humans require from 12000 to 3200 calories per day depending on age, sex and activity
level
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Agriculture in the world: agriculture- the science, art and practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops and. Early sites of agriculture: the near east, the fertile crescent of mesopotamia (modern day iraq, iran, turkey, Cultivated plants: regions where many cultivated plants came from, from these centers, plants and animals were dispersed and spread to other areas of the world- by explorers, invaders, travelers, etc. Ldl cholesterol levels: vitamins- essential for the proper functioning of certain enzymes/directly involved in synthesizing compounds, vitamin a. Cycle: mostly herbaceous (not woody), have compound leaves, mostly annuals, some perennials, legume seeds are usually large, they have two large cotyledons (seed leaves, filled with stored food, which helps the seed to germinate. Beans: native to mexico and the andes in south america, very rich in protein (25%) and some carbohydrates, hundred of species and varieties. Peas: native to the near east, rich in protein and carbohydrates, snow peas, green peas, split peas, chick peas, lentils.
