POL 536 Study Guide - Final Guide: Maternal Death, Health Technology Assessment, Global Health
4 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Unit 6: State of Health in the EU
Life Expectancy
• Stayed constant until it suddenly increased rapidly
• Hygiene, science, etc. changed this
• In classical Greece was 28, in 1600 was 38
• 1900: EU 41, US 47
• 1960: EU 69, US 70
• 2015: EU 81, ES 79
• Living longer & better
• Still a lot of amenable mortality—premature deaths that could have been avoided through
timely and quality health care
• EU amenable mortality 119/100k
• US amenable mortality 396/100k
• Maternal mortality (death while pregnant) especially high
• EU maternal mortality 8/100k
• US maternal mortality 26/100k
• World maternal mortality 216/100k
• Low income countries maternal mortality 496/100k
• Maternal mortality rates have high disparity by EU country & US state
• Life expectancy at birth varies greatly by city; poverty a big indicator
The Future
• Population getting older
• Has more health needs too
• Loss of people due to chronic disease leads to big economic losses
• Premature deaths from chronic disease in EU 555k people of working age
• Economic loss of 3.4 million productive years
• Eooi loss of € illio/ear
• Economic loss of .8% of GDP
• Have to think about impact of technology (disruptive?)
• Globalization impacting things
• Measles outbreak spread for example
• Europe doing poorly with vaccination, introducing infectious diseases elsewhere
The Policy Response: Access, Effectiveness, Resilience
• EUs health are sstes: Bisark, “eashko, & Beeridge
• Bismarck system based on contributions of employers & workers to fund health care systems
(pensions, social security, insurance)
• Semashko system very centralized, completely state controlled (lack of efficiency)
• Beveridge system state financed, funded by taxes (big after WWII)
• Moe atters ut it ist eerthig
• EU average % of GDP spend on health 5-11%
• US 17%
• Not just money though because amenable very high for some countries who spend a lot
• If you spend very little, typically a lot of amenable mortality
• Same good results can be achieved by lower spending though
• Main takeaways:
o Focus on health promotion & disease prevention
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
o Set up primary care to avoid unnecessary hospital admissions
o Provide incentives for health service providers to work together more effectively
through integrated care
o Improve health workforce planning & forecasting to address current & future
challenges
o Invest in patient-centered data on health outcomes to increase knowledge
• Spending on prevention is very low, & chronic diseases could be addressed earlier
• What studets are eig prepared for i health orkfore doest ath hats eeded
• Looking at output fro patiets ie iportat
• Policy agenda:
o Effectiveness:
▪ Health systems performance assessment
▪ Patient safety & quality of care
▪ Integration of care
o Access:
▪ A fit-for-purpose health workforce
▪ Access to innovative medicines
▪ Cross-border healthcare
o Resilience:
▪ Health technology assessment
▪ Information for better governance
▪ eHealth, mHealth
• Science skepticism a growing problem
• Homeopathic products (with no proven results) advertised
• Link between vaccination & autism talked about (not real)
• Vaccines are cheap but people still questioning things & endangering selves/others because
the dot uderstad the siee
Discussion
• Breit affets thigs & theres a lot of oer oer it
• The group that authorizes medicines for EU is in the UK, need to somehow get things covered
for when they leave
• Also, customs going to be affected
• Countries in EU have pretty integrated economies
• US government has been more powerful about shutting down anti-vaccine movement
• EU has plan for reducing overuse of antibiotics
• EU & US have big price differences in pharmaceuticals
• Pharma companies in EU fear citizen backlash, EU has a lot less trust in invisible hand
• Delas i gettig series i EU, dotors aret paid ell & hae to do priate ork as ell
Unit 7: Global Health
Global Health
• Global heath focuses on health equity around the world
• Major & most powerful & important industry is WHO
• Other agencies of UN deal with health such as UNICEF, AIDS org
• WHO is heavily bureaucratic
• Global health—an area for study, research, & practice that places a priority on improving
health & achieving equity in health for all people worldwide
• Emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, & solutions
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find more resources at oneclass.com
• Involves many disciplines within & beyond the health sciences & promotes interdisciplinary
collaboration
• Is a synthesis of population-based prevention with individual-level clinical care
• International health focuses on developing countries & world aid, while global health
osiders ifetious diseases, fast food, girls eduatio, poerty, technology, etc. that impact
health
• Thiks e should all take resposiilit for eeroes health
Center for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC)
• CDC is a federal agency under US Dept of Health & Human Services
• Works with partners across US to ensure public health through health promotion; prevention
of disease, injury & disability; & preparedness
• Has a center for global health
• Major American institution that tracks diseases, works to prevent them, & so on
• Has swat teams that go out & restrict & contain outbreaks
• Give money to states & public (local) health departments to track & contain diseases
• Mostly works with people so needs to have cultural sensitivity
• With todas iteroeted life, a disease a e passed i hours to a ajor it
• Outbreak anywhere is a threat to everywhere
• CDC has a global health network
• Has a Division of Global HIV & TB (Tuberculosis)
• DGHT is in over 50 countries ready to respond
• 37 million people living with HIV
• 1/10.4 million people with active TB each year also have HIV
• TB is an example of CDC leading the world
• 2 billion people (1/3rd of world population) infected with TB
• 9.6 million sick with active TB/year
• 480k new cases of multidrug-resistant TB/year
• 1.5 million deaths from TB/year
• From 2000-2014, 43 million lives saved
• CDCs ipat o TB:
o Developing new strategies to find & cure TB
o Strengthening surveillance systems to identify & target hot spots
o Trasfor orlds approah to diagosig TB aog those ith HIV
o Informa the globe to find, cure, & prevent TB in children
o Establishing best practices to end TB transmission in health facilities
o Leading research to improve treatment for drug-resistant TB
Vocab
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)—A federal agency under the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services that works with partners across the United States
to ensure public health—through health promotion; prevention of disease, injury, and
disability; and preparedness for new health threats.
• Contagion—any disease-causing infectious agent spread by direct or indirect contact.
• Determinants of health—The range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors
which determine the health status of individuals or populations.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Unit 6: state of health in the eu. Improve health workforce planning & forecasting to address current & future challenges. Integration of care: access, a fit-for-purpose health workforce, access to innovative medicines, cross-border healthcare, resilience, health technology assessment, ehealth, mhealth. Involves many disciplines within & beyond the health sciences & promotes interdisciplinary collaboration. Is a synthesis of population-based prevention with individual-level clinical care. International health focuses on developing countries & world aid, while global health (cid:272)o(cid:374)siders i(cid:374)fe(cid:272)tious diseases, fast food, girls(cid:859) edu(cid:272)atio(cid:374), po(cid:448)erty, technology, etc. that impact health: thi(cid:374)ks (cid:449)e should all take respo(cid:374)si(cid:271)ilit(cid:455) for e(cid:448)er(cid:455)o(cid:374)e(cid:859)s health. Informa the globe to find, cure, & prevent tb in children: establishing best practices to end tb transmission in health facilities, leading research to improve treatment for drug-resistant tb. Vocab: center for disease control and prevention (cdc) a federal agency under the u. s.
