[BIO SCI E109] - Midterm Exam Guide - Everything you need to know! (41 pages long)
5 Oct 2016
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1. 2 levels of organization in the human body: 12 systems of the human body. 1. 4 homeostasis [dynamic: vary in a range: maintenance of body fluid volume and composition is essential to homoestasis. Ecf=the internal environment: homeostasis is regulated via feedback systems & feedforward control. Involved system: nervous system[send action potentials] endocrine system[secrete messenger molecules: hormones] Feedforward control: events occur in anticipation of a change in a controlled variable. The lipid bilayer portion of the plasma membrane is highly permeable to nonpolar molecules(co2), moderately permeable to small, uncharged polar molecules (water, urea), impermeable to ions/large, uncharged polar molecules. Electrochemical gradient: net driving force that acts on an ion (decided by the magnitude & direction of both concentration & electrical gradient ) Symporter: na+/glucose symporter & na+/amino acid symporter [glucose&aa into cell] Antiporter: na+/h+ antiporter & na+/ca2+ antiporter [h+&ca2+ out of cell. Apical membrane: face the lumen of the organ, contains microvilli to increase surface area.
