BSC 2010C- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 18 pages long!)
Document Summary
Carbon bonds: carbon: four unpaired valence electrons, allows for 4 covalent bonds with other atoms. Common bonding partners: hydrogen: valence=1, oxygen: valence=2, nitrogen: valence=3, carbon: valence=4. Hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons: only carbon (c) and hydrogen (h) Isomers: same molecular formula but different structural formula. Isomers differ in chemical properties: this is what c4h10 looks like \/ 3 types of isomers: structural, geometric, enantiomers. Enantiomers: mirrored images: asymmetric carbon is the carbon in the middle. Functional groups: chemically reactive groups of atoms within organic molecules, behave consistently and characteristically, give unique properties to molecules. Hydroxyl: oxygen bonded to carbon and hydrogen. Oh: makes molecules hydrophobic, note: don"t confuse it with hydroxide ion (oh-) Oxygen double bonded to carbon: aldehyde: end of carbon skeleton, ketone: middle of carbon skeleton. Carboxyl: oxygen double bonded to carbon and hydroxyl. Sulfhydrl: sulfur bonded to carbon & hydrogen. Amino: nitrogen bonded to carbon & 2 hydrogens, amino acids: building blocks of proteins, all have amino and carboxyl.
