NURS 3225 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Edmund Pellegrino, Faith Hope And Charity (Us Band), Jeremy Bentham
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NURS 3225 Study Guide for Midterm Exam
Professor Nancy Cronin
Spring 2018- version 2-26-18
Major Ethical Theories and Principles
Agent vs. Action vs. Consequences
1. Ethics of Virtue
a. Associated with Socrates & Aristotle
i. Goal- telos
ii. Values the character of the Agent
b. Virtue Theorists of Middle Ages- Less important as a theory
i. Associated with St Augustine & St. Thomas Aquinas
ii. One has a duty to love God and we most act in accordance with his will- As a good
Christian
iii. Additional desirable virtues- Faith, Hope & charity
c. Contemporary Virtue Theorists (Edmund Pincoff & Edmund Pellegrino)
i. Agent- What would a morally fit person do? A virtuous nurse?
ii. Motives & intentions of the agent matter!
2. Ethics of Duty- Deontology (Deon = Duty)
a. Associated with Kant
i. Focuses on the ACTION
1. Roots in Judaic & Christian thinking (10 commandments)
2. Key valued trait- Conscientiousness
3. Must act from a sense of Duty to respect all humans
4. Persons must NEVER be used as a means to an end
5. 2 types of Duties:
a. Categorical Imperatives
b. Hypothetical Imperatives
b. Associated with W.D. Ross- Modern Deontology
i. More realistic- No duties are categorical or absolute
ii. All duties are Prima Facie Right / Duties
iii. Duties include Fidelity, Reparation, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Justice, and
Self-Improvement(duty to self)
3. Ethics of Consequences
a. Also called Consequentialism and Utilitarianism
b. Associated with John Stuart Mills and Jeremy Bentham
i. Goal- Greatest good for the greatest number, with the least negatives
ii. The ultimate good= happiness and absence of pain
find more resources at oneclass.com
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iii. 2 main types:
1. Act Utilitarianism -
a. The End does justify the Means sometimes
2. Rule Utilitarianism –
4. Ethics of Principles
a. Associated with Beauchamp & Childress
i. 4 main principles –
1. Respect for Autonomy
a. Confidentiality
b. Privacy
c. Conditions of Autonomy
i. Liberty
ii. Moral Agency –
2. Beneficence
a. Obligatory vs. Superogatory duties
3. Non-maleficence- not just passive, must also prevent harm
4. Justice
a. Criminal
b. Rectificatory
c. Distributive justice* know these 3
d. Commutative justice*
e. Social Justice*
ii. Other important principles:
1. Veracity
2. Fidelity
3. Compassion
5. Ethics of Care/ Feminism
a. Associated with Carol Gilligan,
b. Challenges traditional assumptions about gender & current hierarchical systems
c. Focuses on Being responsive to the Needs of people (vs. their rights) and Willingness to
act on the behalf of others (Compassionate respect)
d. Emphasizes importance of Relationships, motives and emotions over just rationality
6. Moral Pluralism
a. No one theory or principle takes priority, all can be considered and integrated together
7. Ethics of Rights – Do not need to know except as legal justification for Abortion Roe vs. Wade
1973
a. Life, Liberty, Expression, Property, Privacy –
b. Associated with Novick & Libertarianism, focuses on individual interests & rights
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Ross- modern deontology: more realistic- no duties are categorical or absolute, all duties are prima facie right / duties, duties include fidelity, reparation, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and. Self-improvement(duty to self: ethics of consequences, also called consequentialism and utilitarianism, associated with john stuart mills and jeremy bentham, goal- greatest good for the greatest number, with the least negatives, the ultimate good= happiness and absence of pain. 1973: life, liberty, expression, property, privacy , associated with novick & libertarianism, focuses on individual interests & rights. Professional values- altruism, integrity, prudence, benevolence, justice, courage, temperance. Sources of moral guidance- in general & in nursing. Role of the code for nurses & for society. Ethics of care (trono)- attentiveness, responsibility, competence, responsiveness. Moral status of fetus: potentiality view- from conception, biological view after can"t twin anymore or viability, sentient person view- 26 weeks, personhood view- when born, interests view. 3 different views on sanctity of life (keown: vitalism, inviolability of life, quality of life.
