BIPN 100 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Skeletal Muscle, Membrane Potential, Action Potential

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BIPN 100
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
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BIPN 100 Lecture #1
4/2/2018
Covalent bonds are the most energetically expensive, and the most energetically
productive
Fatty acids are often non-polar (composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen)
Metabolism
o Is the sum of all biochemical reactions of a cell, which produce free energy to
drive the cellular machine, which in turn combines available chemical groupings
into the molecules of cellular structure and function
o Reactions
Anabolism
Building up
Catabolism
Breaking down
Mainly the breakdown of covalent bonds that releases energy to be used
by the body
o Chemical groupingsanabolism
Amino acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Components of cells
o Structural biochemical components= proteins, lipids, and carbs
o Enzymes make reactions more likely to occur
Cell membrane
o Phospholipid bilayer
o Fatty acids= lipophilic, nonpolar, hydrophobic
o Amphipatic molecule: has one nonpolar and one polar end
o Does’t gie stregth to the ell, ut gies it isulatio ad regulates what goes
in and out; just a barrier
o The lipid bilayer exhibits different levels of fluidity depending on its saturation
(the number of double bonds)
o More unsaturated=more kinds
o Proteins in the bilayer give it structure and strength embedded within
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o Cholesterol ireases the erae’s fluidity
Function of proteins in cell membrane: main four are as enzymes, transporters,
receptors, and antigens
o Cell can regulate rate of reactions by adjusting the concentration gradients
o Proteins can function as enzymes, transporters, receptors
Active transport: uses ATP
Passive transport: diffuses w/out ATP, are channels that allow through
depending on size and charge of the molecule
o Two kinds of receptors
Intracellular signal receptors: lipophilic; can cross the bilayer; cause a
cellular response via transcription or translation; slow
Cell membrane receptors: lipophobic; molecule binds to the receptor
which triggers a signal transduction cascade; fast
Types of membrane receptors
o Ionotropic: activates or deactivates a channel, which changes the permeability of
the cell membrane (e.g. nAchR)
o Metabotropic: g-coupled protein receptor; binding of a molecule to the receptor
hages the reeptor’s oforatio, hih atiates the g-protein
Signal transduction=transmission of information across the membrane using membrane
proteins (GPCR)
o Signal molecule binds (first messenger/ligand) to a membrane receptor protein
(a transducer) which activates an intracellular signal molecule (second
messenger system), which alters target proteins that create a response
G-protein coupled signal transductionGs/i
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