SOCI 100 Study Guide - Final Guide: Sui Generis, Collective Consciousness, Calvinism
Monday'October'30'SOCI
Mode'of'production'–People'organize'themselves'to'produce'in'a'certain'way
•
If'the'social'relations'can'support'that'kind'of'production'(capitalist)
•
Society'is'to'be'understood'in'terms'of'mode'of'production'combined'with'
social'structure'and'advance'economic'production
•
Base'of'society'–mode'of'production
•
Society'and'state'–Marx:'tools'+'social'structure
•
Relations'of'production'='civil'society'means'that'place'where'people'act'as'
citizens'in'their'life
•
Human'struggle'='social'and'economic'position
•
State'favors'aristocrats'or'entrepreneurs'because'they’re'powerful
•
Looking'to'the'state'for'our'freedom'is'a'misunderstanding
•
Class'–relationship'between'the'owners'of'property'vs'those'who'must'work'
on'what'the'owners'own
•
It’s'possible'to'be'born'into'class'and'not'be'able'to'escape
•
Class'is'a'group'of'people'that'was'born'into'a'class'that'owns'such'means'–a'
classification'concept.'Describes'groups'based'on'where'they'fit'in'the'
productive'system
•
Class'can'wind'up'determining'life'distinction.'Restricting'and'providing'
opportunities
•
Marx'believes'the'class'system'of'modern'bourgeoisie'society
•
Which'class'benefits'and'which'controls'the'state
•
Bourgeoisie'applies'to'the'workers'saying'we'have'a'common'enemy:'
aristocracy
•
Helps'organize'the'working'class:'common'interest'is'overthrow'the'aristocracy'
that'rules
•
By'getting'the'workers'involved,'becoming'more'aware'of'their'common'
interests
•
Classes'now'express'their'common'needs•
Important'for'common'destiny'of'people'in'the'same'class•
History'–if'you'want'to'understand'history'you'have'to'understand'the'people'
who'own'the'means'of'production'and'those'who'do'not
•
Bourgeoisie'has'revolutionized'every'aspect'of'society'and'also'created'mobile'
laboring'class
•
You'need'a'labor'force'to'be'a'capitalist•
Bourgeoisie'created'proletariat'by'people'by'free'to'choose'where'they'work,'to'
move'to'cities'and'work'for'wages
•
Class'system'and'productive'system'exploded•
They'created'world'market•
Capitalism'will'run'into'such'a'crises,'it'wont'be'able'to'start'over•
He'hopes'to'put'the'working'class'on'the'side'of'history'–Marx•
Contradiction'–all'of'the'great'revolutions'have'their'origin'in'contradiction'
between'the'forces'of'production/technical'means'and'social'
structure/relations
•
At'certain'stages'of'development,'that'social'structure'holds'back'the'
development'of'means'of'production
•
The'slave'system'got'in'the'way'of'the'production,'replaced'by'serf'system•
Feudal'created'a'new'structure'so'that'mode'of'production'can'keep'going•
When'the'social'structure'is'an'obstacle,'a'class'will'emerge'that'will'try'to'get'
rid'of'the'old'system'so'that'productivity'can'emerge
•
192'–“eventually,'in'our'time'too,'there'will'develop'a'stage'when'capitalist'
social'structure'will'come'into'conflict'with'existing'means'of'production”
•
Communist'consciousness•
Working'class'will'try'to'abolish'working'mode'of'production,'alienated'labor'&'
classes'all'together'to'end'class'domination
•
Egalitarian•
Can'you'trust'people'who'earn'money'off'others?•
If'they'had'saved'money,'natural'resources'built'up'through'their'own'labors'
then'you'can'say'that'person'has'the'right'to'the'capital
•
Primitive'accumulation'–become'a'capitalist'by'saving'that'legitimates'your'
right'to'profit
•
Smith:'morally'defend'profit'taking•
Marx'is'going'to'attack'the'notion'that'there'was'ever'primitive'accumulation•
WED'Nov'1
Capital'emerges'as'a'relation'between'things1.
Not'just'money,'doesn’t'give'you'capital1.
Comes'from'a'relationship'between'owners'of'wealth'and'owners'of'labor'
power
1.
Commodity'is'manufactured'for'human'use1.
Everything'has'a'use'value'to'be'a'commodity1.
Something'that'satisfies'a'human'need'or'desire1.
Every'commodity'has'a'use'value1.
We'create'a'system'of'exchange'which'gives'it'an'exchange'value1.
X'number'trades'for'Y'number'of'commodity'(quantitative)'proportion1.
Use'value'is'high'but'exchange'value'can'be'low1.
(Diamond)1.
How'can'you'work'out'a'proportion'of'exchange?1.
One'thing'all'commodities'have'in'common'is'that'every'commodity'is'the'
product'of'labor
1.
How'much'of'your'life'must'you'work'to'be'able'to'earn'enough'wages'to'buy'
something?
1.
Value:'going'to'measure'how'much'human'labor'power'went'in'to'making'
something
1.
Commodities'have'use'and'exchange'value'but'they'also'have'value1.
Something'can'be'of'use'value,'but'have'no'value'(labor'to'require'to'produce'
it)
1.
It'can'be'useful'but'a'produce'of'labor'–might'not'be'a'commodity?'Why?'
Something'has'to'be'produced'or'at'least'put'in'exchange'relation'with'other'
commodities
1.
To'produce'true'commodities,'we'have'to'produce'use'values'for'others1.
Things'they'will'find'useful'and'want'to'acquire'in'exchange'for'social'use'values1.
Use'values'produced'by'labors'but'to'meet'the'needs'of'others1.
Nature'produces'wood'and'fruit,'water1.
Humans'aren’t'the'only'producers'of'use'value1.
There'have'been'societies'that'do'not'produce'commodities'to'sell'to'anyone1.
Everything'is'produced'for'them,'not'for'market'–subsistence'economies1.
Capitalism'is'for'exchange'not'for'use1.
C'–M'–C'-Excess'of'Commodities,'taken'to'a'Market,'goal'of'selling'another'
Commodity'(spending)'(previous'modes'of'production)
1.
Use'values'and'subsistence'do'^1.
M'–C'–M'+'M–starts'with'Money,'converts'to'Commodities,'wants'to'sell'
commodities'for'more'Money'(looking'to'grow)'(money'can'be'used'to'create'
more'money)'labor'creates'more'value'that'can'than'be'taken'to'market'and'
sold
1.
^'Capitalist'(money'is'no'longer'a'means'of'exchange,'money'becomes'capital)'
(money'is'the'goal'of'the'transaction)
1.
Only'capital'when'directly'put'to'use'for'this'purpose'^1.
Surplus'value'–to'create'extra'value'than'when'into'the'transaction'(kind'of'
profit)
1.
Valorization'of'money1.
Capitalist'accumulation'–not'use'values,'not'profit'on'one'transaction'only,'the'
unceasing'of'more'and'more'profit'and'surplus'value
1.
Endless'unceasing'production'of'surplus'money.'By'moving'through'money'into'
commodities'into'more'money
1.
To'organize'production'through'labor1.
The'unique'capacity'of'labor'power'which'is'able'to'create'more'value'when'
you'use'it'than'it'has
1.
Value'–measurement'of'the'amount'of'labor'power'that'produced'it1.
Labor'power'itself'has'value'–in'order'for'their'to'be'labor'power,'I'require'a'
certain'amount'of'goods'to'work'everyday
1.
My'value'is'what'I'needed'to'be'produced1.
Labor'power'requires'other'sources'of'labor'power'for'survival1.
Labor'is'a'commodity'that'has'value'and'creates'value1.
The'laborer'produces'more'value'than'he/she'has1.
They'can'produce'more'goods'to'be'sold'than'he/she'needs'for'simple'survival1.
Any'time'a'worker'works'past'a'point'where'needed,'that’s'surplus&value1.
Money'invested'to'be'used'for'commodities'(laborer)'to'produce'more'money1.
Monday'Nov'3
Alienation'refers'to'the'consciousness'of'labors'in'the'capitalist'labor'process1.
It'looks'as'if'you’re'free,'but'you'hate'what'you’re'doing1.
Alienation'is'in'the'inability'to'grasp'you'can’t'think'what'you'will'do'about'it1.
Only'then'can'working'people'organize'to'improve'their'situation1.
Alienation'is'the'obstacle'to'understanding1.
A'distortion'of'the'reality1.
Inside'the'one'commodity'is'the'truth'of'the'whole'mode'of'production1.
How'did'it'get'produced?1.
Take'a'look'at'the'working'day'–12'hour'work'day1.
Surplus'value1.
Lower'your'costs'by'increasing'productivity1.
Breaking'point'at'6'hours1.
Capitalism'is'driven'toward'technological'revolution1.
Capital'and'labor'have'no'choice'but'to'struggle1.
Capitalism'lets'you'create'that'surplus'value'that'can'be'sold'in'a'market'and'
produces'profit
1.
The'laws'of'the'mode'of'production'dictate'the'struggle1.
Get'rid'of'production'for'profit'to'get'rid'of'the'struggle'between'capital'and'
labor
1.
Only'when'one'side'overcomes'the'other'and'suppresses'the'laws'of'the'mode'
of'production'
1.
Turn'it'back'to'recognizing'what'people'need1.
Capitalism'needs'people'to'buy'what'it'produces'but'it'leaves'needs'of'people'
unmet
1.
The'answer'is'the'suppression'of'the'laws'and'the'redirection'of'production'to'
meeting'human'need
1.
You'can’t'make'a'revolution'unless'you'can'help'turn'peoples'consciousness'in'a'
different'direction
1.
Give'people'practical'experience' of'freedom'and'their'mores'will'support'that1.
Marx:'we'need'to'breakthrough'the'problem'of'mystification1.
Production'seems'to'be'private,'but'its'not'private1.
Marx'believes'that'commodities'are'the'news'mystification'(fetishism'of'
commodities)
1.
In'our'world,'commodities'are'fetish'objects1.
Hard'for'us'to'understand'the'social'relations'that'produce'it1.
Capitalism'as'a'mode'of'production1.
Socially'organized'labor1.
Help'people'see'the'class'relations'in'which'they'are'embedded1.
Key'to'understanding'social'life1.
Wed'Nov'8
Dictatorship'of'the'bourgeoisie'–one'class'ruling1.
Dictatorship'of'the'proletariat'-all'members'of'the'working'class'take'part'of'
the'actions'of'the'state.'Mass'participation
1.
Ending'the'exploitation'of'a'class'over'other'classes1.
Marx:'radically'democratic1.
Tocqueville'feared'democratic'despotism1.
Administrative'centralization'was'becoming'natural'and'would'be'harder'for'
local'liberties'to'be'protected
1.
Beauractrization'flourishes'on'the'ground'of'democracy'–treats'everyone'the'
same'way
1.
Weber'argued'that'advance'of'beautcritization'was'not'a'local'problem,'it'was'a'
much'larger'process'that'was'going'on'worldwide
1.
Rationalization'–linking'it'to'the'human'capacity'to'think'rationally1.
Elimination'of'all'magic'–no'secret'powers1.
Development'of'science1.
Advance'of'capitalism'–not'just'another'mode'of'production'for'Weber'–
furthers'rationalization
1.
A'permanent'undermining'of'religious'belief1.
cultural'factors'–non'material'factors'having'to'do'with'belief1.
Material'conditions'alone'do'not'lead'to'social'change1.
Protestant'ethic'–about'capitalist'as'a'system1.
Development'was'driven'by'the'state'to'become'militarily' and'economically'as'
Britain'–done'in'40'years
1.
Capitalism'is'the'spirit'of'acquisition'turned'loose'–worst'of'deadly'sins1.
Material'conditions'alone'are'required'to'explain'how'capitalism'works1.
Weber:'what'about'before'it'was'in'the'position'to'shape'people?1.
Something'else'must'account'for'the'deposition'of'indiv'to'do1.
Who'are'the'people'that'drove'capital'forward?'Something'must'have'bee'
present'to'go'from'traditional'enterprise'to'capitalist'fashion
1.
Nov'13
As'long'as'economic'interests'exist,'people'will'be'drawn'to'•
Social'psychology•
Traditional'vs'modern'world•
For'them'to'go'to'the'new'world'is'a'big'step•
The'people'raised'in'the'traditional'world'don’t'know'the'formula'MCMdeltaM•
Raised'with'traditional'expectations'–expect'the'world'to'look'how'it'look'
when'they'were'raised'(traditional)
•
Who'are'the'people'born'in'one'kind'of'culture'who'then'are'prepared'to'step'
away'from'their'cultural'values
•
Weber:'by'means'of'capitalistic'enterprise•
Page'359:'the'kind'of'capitalism'established'in'the'West'is'a'new'kind,'sober'
bourgeois'capitalism
•
Weber:'what'would'motivate'certain'people'to'undertake'capitalist'system'that'
it'would'impose'itself'on'the'rest'of'the'world
•
How'did'people'live'before'capitalist'was'the'dominant'mode'of'production•
How'did'they'live'and'what'caused'them'to'act'in'this'way•
There'has'to'be'a'new'attitude,'will'to'act,'to'intervene'in'traditional'world'that'
changed'the'attitude'and'orientation'of'certain'people
•
Leading'to'the'emergence'of'the'“spirit”'that'would'eventually'establish'the'
capitalist'mode'of'production'as'a'system
•
Not'a'desire'for'money,'always'existed•
What'makes'the'capitalist'different'isn’t'about'greed,'what'is'characteristic'of'
the'capitalist'mode'of'production'is'SAVING'AND'REINVESTMENT
•
Making'money'which'you'save'and'reestablish'in'the'business•
Weber:'this'traditional'spirit'preserved'traditional'business•
They'worked'in'a'way'that'changed'the'dynamic•
Their'form'of'enterprise'is'to'disappear•
A'set'of'people'who'had'an'attitude'of'doing'business'in'a'self'controlled'
manner'that'shocked'everyone'else
•
The'terms'they'used'to'build'their'business'was'new•
Driven'out'of'business'because'they'could'not'compete'OR'imitate'the'people'
they'were'competing'with
•
Weber:'why'did'the'capitalist'system'get'established'in'the'west'and'no'where'
else'and'how'did'it'happen
•
Why'the'west’s'uniqueness•
Doesn’t'think'Marx'has'been'adequate•
Why'do'people'break'with'their'upbringing'and'strike'out'into'a'new'world•
The'settling'of'the'us'and'the'beginning'of'the'capitalist'mode'of'production'
happened'at'the'same'time
•
What'Weber'means'as'spirit:'beginning'with'modern'spirit'itself•
How'would'you'define'a'spirit'of'capitalism:'Benjamin'Franklin•
Page'9:'money'is'of'the'prolific'generating'nature'for'the'ability'to'reproduce•
The'more'there'is'of'it,'the'more'it'produces•
An'inorganic'object,'money,'can'reproduce'–a'view'that'was'rejected'by'Calvin'
(blasphemy)
•
Money'is'alive,'if'you'spend'it,'it'won’t'reproduce'to'make'more'money•
Money'begets'more'money'and'keeps'begetting'more'money•
Weber'said'it'isn’t'just'MCMdeltaM•
The'indiv'has'a'duty'to'increase'capital•
This'isn’t'just'advice,'its'ethos,'prescription'for'how'to'live•
Indiv'ALSO'has'an'obligation'to'work'in'a'calling'or'vocation•
Weber'says'look'at'Catholicism:'the'call'to'withdrawal'form'the'world'and'work'
in'the'spirit'of'the'calling
•
Once'this'ethic'takes'over,'man'is'dominanted'by'the'making'of'money•
CMC'–meeting'needs•
MCMdeltaM'–making'money'and'more'money•
Weber'is'shifting'analysis'away'from'the'discussion'of'material'objects/money'
shifting'it'to'cultural'origins'a'new'kind'of'indiv
•
Weber:'a'new'kind'of'indiv'we'call'protestant/Calvinist•
Weber'is'describing'the'shaping'of'a'new'kind'of'person•
Page'22:'description'of'these'new'entrepreneurs:'whererever'the'capitalist'
spirit'emerges'…'Moral'indignation'can'threaten'..'To'maintain'the'vigor'
necessary'..'
•
A'new'kind'of'ethical'actor'in'the'world,'a'new'kind'of'person'in'European'
history,'will'not'find'in'the'history'of'other'religious'cultures
•
Purpose'of'protestant'ethic'to'find'out'where'they'came'from'and'how'they'
were'shaped
•
Nov'15
Ethic'or'ethos'–not'advice,'an'obligatory'way'of'life'–ethos'means'obligation,'
whether'God'requires'it'or'society,'an'obligation'that'makes'you'feel'
responsible'for'some'kind'of'action
•
An'ethic'to'how'one'pertains'one'economic'life•
A'sense'of'duty'to'their'economic'life•
An'obligation'to'see'your'money'as'life.'If'you'do'not'invest'it,'you'are'
murdering'it
•
View'your'capital'as'something'alive'that'wants'to'grow•
Increase'your'deltaM•
Primarily'about'your'sense'of'obligation'to'making'your'wealth'grow•
One'factor'in'the'development'of'capitalist' that’s'been'ignored'–the'spirit'of'
capitalism
•
Luther'–a'call'by'God'to'everybody’s'worldly'work•
He/she'has'a'calling'given'by'God•
Protestant'reformation•
Sanctify•
For'Luther,'cares'about'obedience•
Weber'said'he'requires'everyone'to'be'traditional•
Luther'sanctifies'worldly'work,'but'Calvinists'do'something'different•
Lutheran'calling:'Weber'said'its'not'a'source'of'the'unique'spirit'Franklin'
describes
•
Trace'it'back'to'Calvinism•
Predestination•
Calvin'believed'it'followed'from'the'absolute'knowledge'of'God,'including'
whether'you'will'be'saved'or'not
•
We'are'powerless'compared'to'Gods'power•
Difficulty'for'a'Christian'is'to'figure'out'what'God'wants•
Calvin'says'God'hasn’t'opened'a'pathway'for'salvation•
He'either'bestows'it'or'not•
Man'exists'for'God•
How'do'you'deal'with'the'uncertainty?•
Desperate'to'know'whether'they'were'saved'or'not•
Weber'says'this'is'a'psychological'problem•
Take'up'a'calling,'but'ministers'said'see'yourself'as'nothing'but'a'tool'of'Gods'
purposes
•
Let'yourself'see'yourself'as'working'for'God'in'your'calling•
If'you’re'working'successfully,'its'not'that'hard'to'think'that'God'would'not'be'
giving'you'success'in'your'calling' if'he'had'no'intention'of'bestowing'grace'on'
you
•
Calvin'says'there’s'no'way'of'knowing,'but'ministers'said'look'at'is'as'a'sign'and'
it'should'dispel'damnation'
•
Measuring'success'is'economic'success'because'that'is'measurable'
(quantitative)
•
You'can'choose'a'calling,'but'by'the'growth'of'your'money'm'+'deltaM•
Devout'yourself'to'a'calling,'put'your'own'desires/impulses'aside,'see'your'work'
as'God’s'work,'see'yourself'as'God’s'tool,'and'then'if'you'have'success'you'can'
interest'it'as'saying'God'would'not'have'chosen'me'if'I'had'not'been'chosen
•
Nov'20
Weber'believes'in'the'study'of'the'economical'system•
The'nature'of'predestination'and'the'feeling'of'not'knowing'if'we'are'saved,'
these'led'to'protestant'prescribe'to'Calvinists'to'systematic'rational'labor'in'a'
calling'for'self'control
•
Calvinists'believed'God'didn’t'want'you'to'do'a'few'things,'God'wanted'your'
whole'life'to'be'for'him
•
Work'continuously'that'is'self'controlling'and'self'denying•
Gain'control'of'yourself'that'denies'your'impulses'at'any'moment•
If'you’re'committed'to'a'calling'like'this,'that'God'must'favor'you'because'if'God'
wouldn’t'have'le'you'become'successful'you'wouldn’t'have'been'chosen
•
Success'was'a'symbol'that'could'help'you'combat'the'feelings'that'God'hasn’t'
chosen'you
•
The'people'who'did'this'brought'into'a'sense'of'an'ethic'where'you'work'for'no'
personal'gratification,'everything'you'do'is'for'the'goal.'Not'for'you,'for'God
•
You'work'so'that'the'success'becomes'an'end'in'itself•
Success'in'business'is'measured'in'the'growth'of'profit•
Weber'believed'this'contributed'to'the'rise'of'capitalism'in'the'West•
Religious'cultures'–Europe'had'been'the'first'of'societies'to'become'“modern”'
rational'capitalistic'
•
Christianity'must'have'formed'innovative'people'to'overcome'tradition•
This'happened'in'Europe'with'the'Calvinists,'drawn'to'build'the'profits'who'
wouldn’t'be'stopped'by'traditional'attitudes'for'religious'reasons
•
Weber'compared'different'religious'cultures•
What'drives'people'in'different'societies?•
Interests'can'be'inspired'by'a'faith'or'need,'cultural'value•
Reflect'a'much'more'complex'of'human'beings•
We'must'look'at'what'drives'human'beings'besides'their'material'interests•
Why'the'west'took'off'with'capitalism?'He'doesn’t'think'the'west'is'superior•
The'west'discovered'modern'science'and'capitalism'which'everyone'realized'
was'ultimate
•
Rationalization'more'developed'in'the'west•
It'effected'our'class'struggle•
Centralization'of'administration'only'part'of'it•
Rationalization'was'about'the'human'struggle'to'master'nature'and'the'social'
world
•
Rationalization'threatens'to'control'all'of'us'and'dictate'the'conditions'and'
terms'for'living
•
People'believed'that'religion'was'about'faith'and'religion,'not'about'the'
rational'–they'take'you'to'a'realm'that’s'different
•
Weber'says'even'in'religion'you'can'see'rationalizing'forces'in'work•
Religion'has'always'tried'to'attract'people'by'showing'them'a'picture'of'life'that'
could'be'pleasing'to'God'and'provide'them'salvation
•
To'exercise' rationality•
It’s'not'any'different'than'what'intellectuals'do•
Catholicism'always'looked'for'a'way'to'help'them'deal'with'the'burden'of'sin,'
creating'forms'of'prayer'&'masses
•
Like'magic•
Calvinism'turns'against'the'magical'practices'of'Christianity•
What'does'it'mean'to'call' an'economy'rational?'Nothing'but'economic'factors'
are'considered
•
The'most'fully'developed'of'rationalization'is'capitalism,'based'on'calculation•
Based'on'how'these'laws'can'lead'to'the'growth'of'surplus'value,'the'laws'
determine'whether'you’ll'be'successful'or'fail
•
Beaucratization'–bureau'means'office,'means'that'administration'is'based'on'
rules'that'apply'to'everyone,'relies'on'calculating'means
•
Another'interest'of'development,'starts'in'renaissance•
Outcomes'in'politics'follow'laws•
Success'depends'on'power•
Rationalization'in'our'intellectual' life'is'bothersome•
People'used'to'believe'science'and'religion'were'opposed'each'other•
Weber'said'there’s'a'problem'with'modern'science'–science'draws'out'the'
effort'to'ask'what'they'really'mean.'Science'is'THIS'is'how'it'works
•
Modern'science'is'becoming'a'force'that’s'undermining'our'goal'for'why'we’re'
alive
•
Rationalization'has'changed'death•
Humans'used'to'live'on'the'land,'close'to'the'cycles'of'nature•
As'long'as'humans'can'see'themselves'in'the'cycle,'death'had'a'special'meaning•
The'hope'to'live'through'maturing'and'death•
We'don’t'live'in'cycles,'we'live'in'the'line'of'progress'that’s'always'moving'
forward
•
How'can'death'have'a'meaning'when'it’s'moving'forward?•
We'just'die'–where'is'the'meaning'of'death•
Nov'27
Domination'–who’s'in'command?•
You'will'see'forms'of'domination'everywhere•
People'in'charge'always'want'to'be'seen'as'legitimately'in'charge•
They'have'no'choice,'but'also'because'their'legitimate' –they'have'legit'right•
If'you'have'to'use'force,'you'don’t'have'power•
Charismatic'–profit'who'says'follow'me'if'you'want'what'I'have•
How'do'forms'of'rule'appeal'to'a'notion'they'are'legit'so'you'follow'them?•
Legal'rational'–my'legitimacy'is'based'on'rules'and'laws'so'we'follow'–most'
influential'='buricratic'
•
Traditional'–we'follow'king'or'queen'because'they'have'been'doing'it'for'years'
(constitutions)
•
Charismatic'–derives'from'a'claim'that'he/she'may'know'the'way'to'God,'lead'
the'people'to'prosperity'(special'kinds'of'power)'(president)
•
Weber:'if'you'look'at'rules'of'domination•
Bureaucracy'–you'own'obedience'to'the'laws'not'the'person•
Modern'bureaucracy'can’t'pass'on'to'your'children•
Charisma'in'the'calling'of'Calvinists'•
State'bureaucracy'growing'everywhere•
Bureaucracy'is'necessary'but'takes'away'innovation,'and'freedom'to'change'
course
•
Materialism'alone'doesn’t'dictate'how'societies'work•
Class'isn’t'the'only'social'structure'that'needs'to'be'looked'at•
Status'groups'–interests'are'based'on'sense'of'identity•
Nov'29
Goal'of'Durkheim'was'to'instill'republican'virtues,'freedom'of'choice'in'religion•
Dreyfus'affair•
A'political'struggle'that'arose'when'someone'was'found'guilty'for'selling'secrets'
to'the'Germans
•
Whole'case'built'on'falsehood•
Army'stood'by'the'evidence'even'thought'it'was'false,'once'the'army'speaks'the'
country'has'nothing'more'to'say
•
Dreyfus'was'exonerated'even'though'he'was'guilty•
Reform'and'transformation'–try'to'show'by'the'use'of'sociology'that'the'use'of'
republican'values'suited'modern'society'(not'monarchists)
•
You'can’t'prove'how'people'should'think'by'social'sciences'–weber'denied•
Moral'guidance'can'teach'us'the'values'necessary'for'the'moral'health'of'
society
•
Maintenance'of'social'order'–what'holds'society'together'–moral'order•
Modern'society'was'in'crisis'–class'conflict,'divisiness'between'societies'–a'
moral'crisis
•
How'to'reconcile'individuality'with'social'integration?•
Individuality'is'a'disease•
How'its'possible'for'one'to'support'individuality'while'holding'a'society'
together
•
Three'fundamental'themes:'sui'generis'–in'its'own'genus,'in'its'own'thing,'
nothing'like'it
•
Illusions:'society'was'a'collection'of'individuals.'Society'cant'be'understood'like'
that,'must'see'it'as'a'whole'–cannot'account'for'what'goes'on'there'by'taking'a'
sum'of'the'indiv
•
Society'exists'in'an'independent'fashion,'an'existing'thing'that'occupies'•
Put'people'together'and'they'will'form'bonds'and'connections'with'one'
another
•
Instead'of'remaining'isolated,'something'has'changed•
A'society'is'different'than'its'parts•
Always'a'moral'order,'doesn’t'just'exist'for'self'defense'or'to'protect'property'
and'trade,'society'is'the'source'of'all'the'shared'sense'of'meaningful'order'in'
the'world'that'we'all'experience
•
Source'of'shared'values'–society•
Society'is'there'to'provide'the'framework'of'values'and'meaning'that'holds'our'
life'together
•
Society’s'principle'purpose'is'to'shape'and'give'coherence'to'all'of'our'lives•
For'each'stage'of'society,'there'is'a'moral'order'that'works'for'it•
Every'society'requires'a'morality'that'allows'it'to'develop•
When'social'structures'change,'then'morality'has'to'change•
Moral'order'is'essential•
Science'alone'can'determine'the'state'of'moral'health'which'changes'when'
moral'changes
•
Society'shapes'us,'but'as'society'changes'we'have'to'be'flexible'to'change'moral'
order
•
Indiv'is'a'fundamental'social'being'–means'that'human'kinds'are'by'chance'in'
society'(by'accident)'we'don’t'just'happen'to'live'in'societies.'Social'life'is'the'
requirement'for'the'development'of'human'kind
•
Because'of'modern'social'life'that'individuality'is'capable'for'merging'where'
new'forms'have'become'possible
•
We'are'much'more'than'just'our'physical'organic•
The'indiv'becomes'more'inescapable'–the'indiv'is'a'product'of'social'
development
•
If'society'is'so'essential'to'providing'meaning,'then'we'must'do'everything'we'
are'capable'to'preserve'the'moral'health'of'society-not'just'something'that'
exists'outside'of'us
•
Possible'only'because'we'live'in'societies•
We'must'take'steps'to'restore'it,'moral'obligation•
Solidarity'–crisis'of'social'cohesion'produced'by'capitalism,'class'conflict,'
inequality,'we'must'act'to'restore'moral'health'of'society
•
Dec'1
What'is'rationalization
What'is'crisis'of'science
Problems'of'the'meaning'of'life'in'modern'society•
Moving'away'from'nature'held'a'tremendous'problem•
Durkheim:'the'fundamental'function'of'societies'to'frame'for'us'the'meaning'of'
our'world,'to'give'purpose'to'our'struggles
•
Capitalism'is'responsible'for'this'crisis•
Not'interested'if'people'have'meaning,'only'care'about'profit'and'growth•
If'you'make'them'masters'rather'than'servants'of'society,'you'will'find'a'
problem
•
Inequality'giving'economic'growth'the'dominant'voice•
Breaking'down'tasks'into'meaningless'tasks'has'undermined'common'purposes•
Economists'and'capitalists'not'interested'in'social'or'moral'health'–harder'to'
find'purpose'in'society
•
Weber'thinks'rationalization'is'dominant'force'of'society,'Durkheim'thinks'its'
division'of'labor'(driving'force'of'societies)'objectively'existing'process
•
Even'in'the'arts•
And'political'life'–division'of'labor,'everyone'has'to'specialize'in'something•
Defenders'of'monarchy'–hate'division'of'labor,'think'its'breaking'up'their'
society,'undoing'stable'patterns
•
Hostile'to'every'form'of'individualism'^•
Does'it'have'moral'significance?'DOL'is'positive'or'negative'form'of'solidarity•
Durkheim:'DOL'can'be'justified'as'moral'good'–contributing'to'holding'modern'
society'together
•
Only'if'you'can'show'it’s'a'source'of'social'solidarity'and'coherence•
Does'it'bind'people'together?•
Durkheim:'can'be'defended'as'a'source'of'solidarity'for'modern'society•
Page'xxx:'“How'does'it'come'about'that'the'indiv'while'becoming'more'
autonomous'still'depends'on'society?'How'can'you'become'at'the'same'time'
more'linked'to'society'..'transformation'of'solidarity'itself”
•
Durkheim'is'a'defender'of'personal'development'and'advancement•
DOL'is'creating'a'new'kind'of'solidarity'-a'kind'that'permits'more'individuality'
than'the'old'kind
•
Durkheim'is'against'anti'capitalist'forces'of'France'–defend'modern'
developments,'defend'capitalists'and'modern'society
•
Still'has'solidarity,'but'a'new'form•
New'possibilities'of'individuality'arise'because'old'bonds'get'looser'–even'
though'individuality'is'growing,'modern'society'doesn’t'lack'social'solidarity'–
why?'because'DOL'–giving'people'opportunity'to'take'up'new'professions,'
holding'society'together
•
People'are'becoming'different'from'eachother'–religious'values,'different'
goals'–can'do'more'things'because'they’re'not'being'squeezed'by'the'old'order
•
Mechanical'solidarity'is'disappearing'while'organic'is'starting'to'appear•
Less'developed'------ more'developed'(organic)•
DOL'is'going'to'lead'societies'toward'organic'solidarity•
A'continuum'based'on'this'kind'of'development•
The'same'religion,'same'attitudes'toward'what'you'can'do'with'your'life'–
common'consciousness'
•
Every'social'group'must'be'built'on'some'kind'of'solidarity'that'allows'them'to'
persist'over'time
•
Societies'are'different'and'diff'societies'have'different'forms'of'solidarity•
More'uniform'–homogenuous'–not'different'from'one'another'–solidarity'will'
take'on'form'(mechanical)'same'mental'attitudes,'same'religion,'conformity'or'
sharing'a'common'consciousness'–we'are'bonded'to'them'with'a'kind'of'
mechanical'solidarity
•
Something'like'us'–autonomous,'solidarity'will'look'different'–socities'have'
few'rules,'very'few'opportunities
•
Society'is'a'consciousness'but'it'has'real'effects'on'the'world•
12/4
Domination'–capacity'of'a'legal' order'that'its'commands'will'be'carried'out•
Weber:'three'types'legal'rational'mode'of'domination'that'appealed'to'the'
actions'of'the'social'order
•
Issues'of'rules'and'legality'are'necessary'–following'rules•
Everyone'is'subject'to'the'law•
When'we'obey'the'law,'were'obeying'not'people'but'the'law'or'office'they'have'
occupied
•
Traditional'domination:'obedience'to'particular'individuals,'princesses'what'we'
grew'up'with
•
Charismatic'domination:'qualities'of'the'leader'–follow'me'and'I'will'lead'you'
to'a'better'situation'(unstable)'(pure'charisma'doesn’t'last'long)
•
Weber:'beauricritization'–most'powerful'form'of'domination•
Modern'society’s'require'that'kind'of'order'–you'cant'look'over'needs'without'
the'beauticritization'of'rule
•
Would'overwhelm'all' other'impulses'and'needs'because'it’s'so'strong•
Dictates'the'terms'of'modern'life•
Weber'was'afraid'the'people'in'front'of'him'would'claim'they'would'follow'
anyone'who'could'claim'they'could'save'Germany'
•
Politics'is'about'doing'those'hard'things'–don’t'follow'false'leaders•
Problem'of'the'western'world'was'that'beacricrcy'was'getting'so'strong'that'the'
modern'western'states'would'become'rigid,'inflexible,'and'the'nightmare'
model'of'China
•
Weber:'beauticratic'suffication'is'what'scares'him'the'most•
Start'at'bottom,'move'up,'by'the'time'you'get'to'the'top'theres'no'independent'
thinking'–defends'organization
•
Where'will'great'leadership'come'from?'Weber•
Western'world'will'lose'its'dynamism'and'freedom•
Spirit'of'beaucracy:'the'attitude'of'the'people,'whats'their'orientation'toward'
the'world
•
To'obey'the'orders'given'to'them:'their'ethos'–carry'out'tasks'–shapes'people'
so'the'spirit'migrates'to'their'whole'life'–we'believe'in'carrying'out'the'tasks'
given'to'us'–weber'said'that’s'the'problem.'We'need'political'leaders'with'
passion,'not'leaders'who'grew'up'believing'in'obedience
•
Have'to'appeal'to'people'and'modernize'them•
Weber'said'it'wont'work'in'domestic'politics'and'international'arena•
When'the'middle'class'grew'economically'strong,'it'would'produce'people'who'
would'generate'political'leaders
•
Creation'of'leadership'through'mass'elections'–plebiscite'people'come'out'to'
vote'nationally
•
Weber'is'not'a'democratic,'believes'democracy'is'a'mask•
Their'followers'shut'up'and'follow'them,'once'you'select'them'your'job'is'done,'
leaders'are'to'be'left'to'direct'the'nation
•
Weber:'just'because'you'do'have'presidencies,'that'doesn’t'mean'you’ll'have'
the'right'kind'of'person'going'into'office
•
Issue'of'character'involved:'you'need'qualities'in'a'leader•
Character'problem'is'rationalization'–how'do'you'change'a'rationalist'spirit'to'
something'that'wants'to'fight'and'lead'in'politics
•
Rationalization'made'it'hard'to'find'those'characters•
Needs'to'have'a'calling'for'politics'like'puritans'called'for'God•
Model'of'the'calling'weber'thinks'he'can'revive'–to'try'to'encourage'young'
people'to'see'their'lives'in'terms'of'seeking'a'calling
•
Not'just'an'issue'for'him'in'politics,'but'in'social'life•
Believes'the'rational'world'has'changed'our'meaning'of'death•
People'have'lost'religious'faith'–what'do'they'have'left•
Science'cant'tell'us'the'meaning'of'our'lives,'but'it'gives'us'technique'and'
technology
•
Everyone'must'discover'the'values'that'he/she'is'most'gripped'by'and'to'serve'
those'values'–find'meaning'by'living'by'a'higher'cause
•
Change'their'lives'to'they'fulfill'this'accomplishment'of'the'values•
Live'in'a'self'denying'way'and'devote'yourself'to'making'it'real•
Permanent'conflict•
Weber:'life'is'an'endless'battle'between'values'that'never'ends•
Will'only'find'meaning'in'a'calling•
He'sees'us'a'champion'of'our'values,'values'are'in'the'fight,'meaning'of'our'
lives'becoming'warriors,'making'ourselves'self'conscious'combat,'impersonal'
forces'rule'the'world
•
Lives'are'determined'by'these'fights'and'the'only'thing'you'could'do'is'join'it•
What'is'the'spirit'of'capitalism•
What'durkehim'thinks'of'society•
Protestant'ethic'+'politics'and'science'as'a'vocation•
Problem'of'the'spirit'of'capitalism•
Franklins'approach'to'the'spirit'of'capitalism•
Different'religions'influence'economic'conduct,'Calvinism•
How'it'could'be'that'entrepreneurs'have'such'a'big'influence•
Do'not'create'capitalism,'mostly'material'for'capitalism'to'arise•
They'helped'capitalism'develop•
Rationalization'–how'he'sees'it'in'protestant'ethic•
Meaning'of'science•
Types'of'dominant'and'how'he'uses'it'to'think'about'the'problems'of'the'
modern'state
•
Durkheim:'solidarity,'different'kinds'and'what'they’re'based'on•
How'he'measures'solidarity'using'law•
More'penal'law,'sign'of'mechanical'solidarity•
Problems'with'solidarity'or'the'division'of'labor•
Anomie-don’t'know'which'direction'to'go'in•
Forced'division'of'labor•
Cant'give'privileges'to'people'based'on'birth•
Egalitarian'view•
Durk:'where'will'indiv'find'meaning'in'a'society'filled'with'conflict'–look'to'
society'itself,'strengthen'aspects,'our'wellbeing'depends'on'it
•
Affinity:'things'two'people'share'–look'how'similar'they'are•
Durkh:'what’s'the'moral'tasks,'teach'people'their'goal,'show'them'their'
contribution'–turn'the'DOL,'an'alienation,'to'where'people'think'their'a'
contribution.'Need'a'social'value'where'everyone'sees'their'worth
•
Anomie-only'going'to'work'to'make'money'what’s'the'point'of'this•
12/7
Politics'as'a'vocation'+'science'as'a'vocation•
Continuum'[----------]'Mechanical'---- organic•
Crime'is'punished'because'it'offends'society•
Penal'law'and'restitutal'law'•
Penal'law'is'about'punishment'–harm'offenders'because'society'has'been'
harmed
•
Punishment'is'a'ritual'way'for'affirming'the'communities'values•
See'punishment'as'positive'–affirms•
Punishment'as'a'way'of'society'restating'what'it'values'and'its'consensus•
Collective'consciousness'is'so'strong'in'those'societies'that'it'will'not'tolerate'
deviance'or'opposition'–threats'to'its'very'existence
•
As'society'evolves'and'division'of'labor'develops,'more'need'for'law•
Create'a'system'of'society'supporting'eachother•
Key'to'modern'society'is'DOL,'as'society'grows'DOL'grows•
Societys'change'in'volume'and'density'affects'DOL•
Durk:'DOL'coordinates'indiv'(interdependence)•
DOL'fulfills'the'role'of'common'consciousness•
Gives'us'a'sense'of'larger'purpose•
D:'modern'society'is'in'a'condition'where'the'moral'regulation'is'not'working•
DOL'is'not'doing'the'job'of'holding'society'together'and'sustaining'indiv'growth•
DOL'is'a'process'of'growth'and'interaction•
Anomie-without'law'and'clear'purpose'describes'a'situation'where'the'people'
caught'up'in'DOL'cannot'see'shared'standards,'values
•
Nobody'praised'DOL'except'capitalists'because'competition•
Capitalists'–profit'and'more'profit•
Building'a'moral'order'and'strengthening'solidarity•
Relying'on'the'market'and'exchange'will'not'produce'•
How'can'you'shape'a'moral'order'that'can'reduce'crisis•
The'role'of'solidarity'is•
DOL-not'involved'in'producing'final'product,'limited'social'connection,'dol'
makes'people'feel'alienated
•
They'and'there'fellow'laborers'are'values•
If'we'stress'the'larger'purpose'in'the'DOL'and'show'them'their'goal,'they'will'
not'experience'work'
•
We'will'overcome'the'feeling'of'work'that'work'is'forced'on'us•
Durk:'DOL'is'not'at'fault,'it’s'the'abnormal'use'of'the'DOL'an'interference'in'the'
nature'of'the'DOL'when'people'are'not'integrated'socially
•
Workers'need'to'know'the'direction'of'their'work'–natural•
That’s'the'way'we'give'this'meaning'•
DOL'as'a'force'for'solidarity'was'more'important'from'producing'time'to'time•
Forced'DOL'working'in'jobs'youre'not'suited'in•
When'privileged'people'obtain'positions'even'though'their'talents'don’t'merit'
it'–when'people'are'born'in'lower'are'kept'at'the'bottom,'this'is'the'way'of'
perpetuating'inequality
•
Equalize'the'opportunities'to'rise'so'people'can'obtain'the'kind'of'work'suited'
to'them
•
Integrate'people'teaching'them'goals,'equalize'conditions,'equal'education•
Strengthen'organic'solidarity'and'reduce'conflict•
331-what'is'moral'is'everything'that'is'a'source'of'solidarity•
whatever'contributes'to'social'solidrty,'to'regulate'his'actions'of'his'own'egoism•
Morality'is'about'the'integration'of'people'together•
•
12/8
2017年12月9日 星期六
下午7:03
Monday'October'30'SOCI
Mode'of'production'–People'organize'themselves'to'produce'in'a'certain'way•
If'the'social'relations'can'support'that'kind'of'production'(capitalist)•
Society'is'to'be'understood'in'terms'of'mode'of'production'combined'with'
social'structure'and'advance'economic'production
•
Base'of'society'–mode'of'production•
Society'and'state'–Marx:'tools'+'social'structure•
Relations'of'production'='civil'society'means'that'place'where'people'act'as'
citizens'in'their'life
•
Human'struggle'='social'and'economic'position•
State'favors'aristocrats'or'entrepreneurs'because'they’re'powerful•
Looking'to'the'state'for'our'freedom'is'a'misunderstanding•
Class'–relationship'between'the'owners'of'property'vs'those'who'must'work'
on'what'the'owners'own
•
It’s'possible'to'be'born'into'class'and'not'be'able'to'escape•
Class'is'a'group'of'people'that'was'born'into'a'class'that'owns'such'means'–a'
classification'concept.'Describes'groups'based'on'where'they'fit'in'the'
productive'system
•
Class'can'wind'up'determining'life'distinction.'Restricting'and'providing'
opportunities
•
Marx'believes'the'class'system'of'modern'bourgeoisie'society•
Which'class'benefits'and'which'controls'the'state•
Bourgeoisie'applies'to'the'workers'saying'we'have'a'common'enemy:'
aristocracy
•
Helps'organize'the'working'class:'common'interest'is'overthrow'the'aristocracy'
that'rules
•
By'getting'the'workers'involved,'becoming'more'aware'of'their'common'
interests
•
Classes'now'express'their'common'needs
•
Important'for'common'destiny'of'people'in'the'same'class
•
History'–if'you'want'to'understand'history'you'have'to'understand'the'people'
who'own'the'means'of'production'and'those'who'do'not
•
Bourgeoisie'has'revolutionized'every'aspect'of'society'and'also'created'mobile'
laboring'class
•
You'need'a'labor'force'to'be'a'capitalist
•
Bourgeoisie'created'proletariat'by'people'by'free'to'choose'where'they'work,'to'
move'to'cities'and'work'for'wages
•
Class'system'and'productive'system'exploded
•
They'created'world'market
•
Capitalism'will'run'into'such'a'crises,'it'wont'be'able'to'start'over
•
He'hopes'to'put'the'working'class'on'the'side'of'history'–Marx
•
Contradiction'–all'of'the'great'revolutions'have'their'origin'in'contradiction'
between'the'forces'of'production/technical'means'and'social'
structure/relations
•
At'certain'stages'of'development,'that'social'structure'holds'back'the'
development'of'means'of'production
•
The'slave'system'got'in'the'way'of'the'production,'replaced'by'serf'system
•
Feudal'created'a'new'structure'so'that'mode'of'production'can'keep'going
•
When'the'social'structure'is'an'obstacle,'a'class'will'emerge'that'will'try'to'get'
rid'of'the'old'system'so'that'productivity'can'emerge
•
192'–“eventually,'in'our'time'too,'there'will'develop'a'stage'when'capitalist'
social'structure'will'come'into'conflict'with'existing'means'of'production”
•
Communist'consciousness
•
Working'class'will'try'to'abolish'working'mode'of'production,'alienated'labor'&'
classes'all'together'to'end'class'domination
•
Egalitarian
•
Can'you'trust'people'who'earn'money'off'others?
•
If'they'had'saved'money,'natural'resources'built'up'through'their'own'labors'
then'you'can'say'that'person'has'the'right'to'the'capital
•
Primitive'accumulation'–become'a'capitalist'by'saving'that'legitimates'your'
right'to'profit
•
Smith:'morally'defend'profit'taking•
Marx'is'going'to'attack'the'notion'that'there'was'ever'primitive'accumulation•
WED'Nov'1
Capital'emerges'as'a'relation'between'things1.
Not'just'money,'doesn’t'give'you'capital1.
Comes'from'a'relationship'between'owners'of'wealth'and'owners'of'labor'
power
1.
Commodity'is'manufactured'for'human'use1.
Everything'has'a'use'value'to'be'a'commodity1.
Something'that'satisfies'a'human'need'or'desire1.
Every'commodity'has'a'use'value1.
We'create'a'system'of'exchange'which'gives'it'an'exchange'value1.
X'number'trades'for'Y'number'of'commodity'(quantitative)'proportion1.
Use'value'is'high'but'exchange'value'can'be'low1.
(Diamond)1.
How'can'you'work'out'a'proportion'of'exchange?1.
One'thing'all'commodities'have'in'common'is'that'every'commodity'is'the'
product'of'labor
1.
How'much'of'your'life'must'you'work'to'be'able'to'earn'enough'wages'to'buy'
something?
1.
Value:'going'to'measure'how'much'human'labor'power'went'in'to'making'
something
1.
Commodities'have'use'and'exchange'value'but'they'also'have'value1.
Something'can'be'of'use'value,'but'have'no'value'(labor'to'require'to'produce'
it)
1.
It'can'be'useful'but'a'produce'of'labor'–might'not'be'a'commodity?'Why?'
Something'has'to'be'produced'or'at'least'put'in'exchange'relation'with'other'
commodities
1.
To'produce'true'commodities,'we'have'to'produce'use'values'for'others1.
Things'they'will'find'useful'and'want'to'acquire'in'exchange'for'social'use'values1.
Use'values'produced'by'labors'but'to'meet'the'needs'of'others1.
Nature'produces'wood'and'fruit,'water1.
Humans'aren’t'the'only'producers'of'use'value1.
There'have'been'societies'that'do'not'produce'commodities'to'sell'to'anyone1.
Everything'is'produced'for'them,'not'for'market'–subsistence'economies1.
Capitalism'is'for'exchange'not'for'use1.
C'–M'–C'-Excess'of'Commodities,'taken'to'a'Market,'goal'of'selling'another'
Commodity'(spending)'(previous'modes'of'production)
1.
Use'values'and'subsistence'do'^1.
M'–C'–M'+'M–starts'with'Money,'converts'to'Commodities,'wants'to'sell'
commodities'for'more'Money'(looking'to'grow)'(money'can'be'used'to'create'
more'money)'labor'creates'more'value'that'can'than'be'taken'to'market'and'
sold
1.
^'Capitalist'(money'is'no'longer'a'means'of'exchange,'money'becomes'capital)'
(money'is'the'goal'of'the'transaction)
1.
Only'capital'when'directly'put'to'use'for'this'purpose'^1.
Surplus'value'–to'create'extra'value'than'when'into'the'transaction'(kind'of'
profit)
1.
Valorization'of'money1.
Capitalist'accumulation'–not'use'values,'not'profit'on'one'transaction'only,'the'
unceasing'of'more'and'more'profit'and'surplus'value
1.
Endless'unceasing'production'of'surplus'money.'By'moving'through'money'into'
commodities'into'more'money
1.
To'organize'production'through'labor1.
The'unique'capacity'of'labor'power'which'is'able'to'create'more'value'when'
you'use'it'than'it'has
1.
Value'–measurement'of'the'amount'of'labor'power'that'produced'it1.
Labor'power'itself'has'value'–in'order'for'their'to'be'labor'power,'I'require'a'
certain'amount'of'goods'to'work'everyday
1.
My'value'is'what'I'needed'to'be'produced1.
Labor'power'requires'other'sources'of'labor'power'for'survival1.
Labor'is'a'commodity'that'has'value'and'creates'value1.
The'laborer'produces'more'value'than'he/she'has1.
They'can'produce'more'goods'to'be'sold'than'he/she'needs'for'simple'survival1.
Any'time'a'worker'works'past'a'point'where'needed,'that’s'surplus&value1.
Money'invested'to'be'used'for'commodities'(laborer)'to'produce'more'money1.
Monday'Nov'3
Alienation'refers'to'the'consciousness'of'labors'in'the'capitalist'labor'process1.
It'looks'as'if'you’re'free,'but'you'hate'what'you’re'doing1.
Alienation'is'in'the'inability'to'grasp'you'can’t'think'what'you'will'do'about'it1.
Only'then'can'working'people'organize'to'improve'their'situation1.
Alienation'is'the'obstacle'to'understanding1.
A'distortion'of'the'reality1.
Inside'the'one'commodity'is'the'truth'of'the'whole'mode'of'production1.
How'did'it'get'produced?1.
Take'a'look'at'the'working'day'–12'hour'work'day1.
Surplus'value1.
Lower'your'costs'by'increasing'productivity1.
Breaking'point'at'6'hours1.
Capitalism'is'driven'toward'technological'revolution1.
Capital'and'labor'have'no'choice'but'to'struggle1.
Capitalism'lets'you'create'that'surplus'value'that'can'be'sold'in'a'market'and'
produces'profit
1.
The'laws'of'the'mode'of'production'dictate'the'struggle1.
Get'rid'of'production'for'profit'to'get'rid'of'the'struggle'between'capital'and'
labor
1.
Only'when'one'side'overcomes'the'other'and'suppresses'the'laws'of'the'mode'
of'production'
1.
Turn'it'back'to'recognizing'what'people'need1.
Capitalism'needs'people'to'buy'what'it'produces'but'it'leaves'needs'of'people'
unmet
1.
The'answer'is'the'suppression'of'the'laws'and'the'redirection'of'production'to'
meeting'human'need
1.
You'can’t'make'a'revolution'unless'you'can'help'turn'peoples'consciousness'in'a'
different'direction
1.
Give'people'practical'experience' of'freedom'and'their'mores'will'support'that1.
Marx:'we'need'to'breakthrough'the'problem'of'mystification1.
Production'seems'to'be'private,'but'its'not'private1.
Marx'believes'that'commodities'are'the'news'mystification'(fetishism'of'
commodities)
1.
In'our'world,'commodities'are'fetish'objects1.
Hard'for'us'to'understand'the'social'relations'that'produce'it1.
Capitalism'as'a'mode'of'production1.
Socially'organized'labor1.
Help'people'see'the'class'relations'in'which'they'are'embedded1.
Key'to'understanding'social'life1.
Wed'Nov'8
Dictatorship'of'the'bourgeoisie'–one'class'ruling1.
Dictatorship'of'the'proletariat'-all'members'of'the'working'class'take'part'of'
the'actions'of'the'state.'Mass'participation
1.
Ending'the'exploitation'of'a'class'over'other'classes1.
Marx:'radically'democratic1.
Tocqueville'feared'democratic'despotism1.
Administrative'centralization'was'becoming'natural'and'would'be'harder'for'
local'liberties'to'be'protected
1.
Beauractrization'flourishes'on'the'ground'of'democracy'–treats'everyone'the'
same'way
1.
Weber'argued'that'advance'of'beautcritization'was'not'a'local'problem,'it'was'a'
much'larger'process'that'was'going'on'worldwide
1.
Rationalization'–linking'it'to'the'human'capacity'to'think'rationally1.
Elimination'of'all'magic'–no'secret'powers1.
Development'of'science1.
Advance'of'capitalism'–not'just'another'mode'of'production'for'Weber'–
furthers'rationalization
1.
A'permanent'undermining'of'religious'belief1.
cultural'factors'–non'material'factors'having'to'do'with'belief1.
Material'conditions'alone'do'not'lead'to'social'change1.
Protestant'ethic'–about'capitalist'as'a'system1.
Development'was'driven'by'the'state'to'become'militarily' and'economically'as'
Britain'–done'in'40'years
1.
Capitalism'is'the'spirit'of'acquisition'turned'loose'–worst'of'deadly'sins1.
Material'conditions'alone'are'required'to'explain'how'capitalism'works1.
Weber:'what'about'before'it'was'in'the'position'to'shape'people?1.
Something'else'must'account'for'the'deposition'of'indiv'to'do1.
Who'are'the'people'that'drove'capital'forward?'Something'must'have'bee'
present'to'go'from'traditional'enterprise'to'capitalist'fashion
1.
Nov'13
As'long'as'economic'interests'exist,'people'will'be'drawn'to'•
Social'psychology•
Traditional'vs'modern'world•
For'them'to'go'to'the'new'world'is'a'big'step•
The'people'raised'in'the'traditional'world'don’t'know'the'formula'MCMdeltaM•
Raised'with'traditional'expectations'–expect'the'world'to'look'how'it'look'
when'they'were'raised'(traditional)
•
Who'are'the'people'born'in'one'kind'of'culture'who'then'are'prepared'to'step'
away'from'their'cultural'values
•
Weber:'by'means'of'capitalistic'enterprise•
Page'359:'the'kind'of'capitalism'established'in'the'West'is'a'new'kind,'sober'
bourgeois'capitalism
•
Weber:'what'would'motivate'certain'people'to'undertake'capitalist'system'that'
it'would'impose'itself'on'the'rest'of'the'world
•
How'did'people'live'before'capitalist'was'the'dominant'mode'of'production•
How'did'they'live'and'what'caused'them'to'act'in'this'way•
There'has'to'be'a'new'attitude,'will'to'act,'to'intervene'in'traditional'world'that'
changed'the'attitude'and'orientation'of'certain'people
•
Leading'to'the'emergence'of'the'“spirit”'that'would'eventually'establish'the'
capitalist'mode'of'production'as'a'system
•
Not'a'desire'for'money,'always'existed•
What'makes'the'capitalist'different'isn’t'about'greed,'what'is'characteristic'of'
the'capitalist'mode'of'production'is'SAVING'AND'REINVESTMENT
•
Making'money'which'you'save'and'reestablish'in'the'business•
Weber:'this'traditional'spirit'preserved'traditional'business•
They'worked'in'a'way'that'changed'the'dynamic•
Their'form'of'enterprise'is'to'disappear•
A'set'of'people'who'had'an'attitude'of'doing'business'in'a'self'controlled'
manner'that'shocked'everyone'else
•
The'terms'they'used'to'build'their'business'was'new•
Driven'out'of'business'because'they'could'not'compete'OR'imitate'the'people'
they'were'competing'with
•
Weber:'why'did'the'capitalist'system'get'established'in'the'west'and'no'where'
else'and'how'did'it'happen
•
Why'the'west’s'uniqueness•
Doesn’t'think'Marx'has'been'adequate•
Why'do'people'break'with'their'upbringing'and'strike'out'into'a'new'world•
The'settling'of'the'us'and'the'beginning'of'the'capitalist'mode'of'production'
happened'at'the'same'time
•
What'Weber'means'as'spirit:'beginning'with'modern'spirit'itself•
How'would'you'define'a'spirit'of'capitalism:'Benjamin'Franklin•
Page'9:'money'is'of'the'prolific'generating'nature'for'the'ability'to'reproduce•
The'more'there'is'of'it,'the'more'it'produces•
An'inorganic'object,'money,'can'reproduce'–a'view'that'was'rejected'by'Calvin'
(blasphemy)
•
Money'is'alive,'if'you'spend'it,'it'won’t'reproduce'to'make'more'money•
Money'begets'more'money'and'keeps'begetting'more'money•
Weber'said'it'isn’t'just'MCMdeltaM•
The'indiv'has'a'duty'to'increase'capital•
This'isn’t'just'advice,'its'ethos,'prescription'for'how'to'live•
Indiv'ALSO'has'an'obligation'to'work'in'a'calling'or'vocation•
Weber'says'look'at'Catholicism:'the'call'to'withdrawal'form'the'world'and'work'
in'the'spirit'of'the'calling
•
Once'this'ethic'takes'over,'man'is'dominanted'by'the'making'of'money•
CMC'–meeting'needs•
MCMdeltaM'–making'money'and'more'money•
Weber'is'shifting'analysis'away'from'the'discussion'of'material'objects/money'
shifting'it'to'cultural'origins'a'new'kind'of'indiv
•
Weber:'a'new'kind'of'indiv'we'call'protestant/Calvinist•
Weber'is'describing'the'shaping'of'a'new'kind'of'person•
Page'22:'description'of'these'new'entrepreneurs:'whererever'the'capitalist'
spirit'emerges'…'Moral'indignation'can'threaten'..'To'maintain'the'vigor'
necessary'..'
•
A'new'kind'of'ethical'actor'in'the'world,'a'new'kind'of'person'in'European'
history,'will'not'find'in'the'history'of'other'religious'cultures
•
Purpose'of'protestant'ethic'to'find'out'where'they'came'from'and'how'they'
were'shaped
•
Nov'15
Ethic'or'ethos'–not'advice,'an'obligatory'way'of'life'–ethos'means'obligation,'
whether'God'requires'it'or'society,'an'obligation'that'makes'you'feel'
responsible'for'some'kind'of'action
•
An'ethic'to'how'one'pertains'one'economic'life•
A'sense'of'duty'to'their'economic'life•
An'obligation'to'see'your'money'as'life.'If'you'do'not'invest'it,'you'are'
murdering'it
•
View'your'capital'as'something'alive'that'wants'to'grow•
Increase'your'deltaM•
Primarily'about'your'sense'of'obligation'to'making'your'wealth'grow•
One'factor'in'the'development'of'capitalist' that’s'been'ignored'–the'spirit'of'
capitalism
•
Luther'–a'call'by'God'to'everybody’s'worldly'work•
He/she'has'a'calling'given'by'God•
Protestant'reformation•
Sanctify•
For'Luther,'cares'about'obedience•
Weber'said'he'requires'everyone'to'be'traditional•
Luther'sanctifies'worldly'work,'but'Calvinists'do'something'different•
Lutheran'calling:'Weber'said'its'not'a'source'of'the'unique'spirit'Franklin'
describes
•
Trace'it'back'to'Calvinism•
Predestination•
Calvin'believed'it'followed'from'the'absolute'knowledge'of'God,'including'
whether'you'will'be'saved'or'not
•
We'are'powerless'compared'to'Gods'power•
Difficulty'for'a'Christian'is'to'figure'out'what'God'wants•
Calvin'says'God'hasn’t'opened'a'pathway'for'salvation•
He'either'bestows'it'or'not•
Man'exists'for'God•
How'do'you'deal'with'the'uncertainty?•
Desperate'to'know'whether'they'were'saved'or'not•
Weber'says'this'is'a'psychological'problem•
Take'up'a'calling,'but'ministers'said'see'yourself'as'nothing'but'a'tool'of'Gods'
purposes
•
Let'yourself'see'yourself'as'working'for'God'in'your'calling•
If'you’re'working'successfully,'its'not'that'hard'to'think'that'God'would'not'be'
giving'you'success'in'your'calling' if'he'had'no'intention'of'bestowing'grace'on'
you
•
Calvin'says'there’s'no'way'of'knowing,'but'ministers'said'look'at'is'as'a'sign'and'
it'should'dispel'damnation'
•
Measuring'success'is'economic'success'because'that'is'measurable'
(quantitative)
•
You'can'choose'a'calling,'but'by'the'growth'of'your'money'm'+'deltaM•
Devout'yourself'to'a'calling,'put'your'own'desires/impulses'aside,'see'your'work'
as'God’s'work,'see'yourself'as'God’s'tool,'and'then'if'you'have'success'you'can'
interest'it'as'saying'God'would'not'have'chosen'me'if'I'had'not'been'chosen
•
Nov'20
Weber'believes'in'the'study'of'the'economical'system•
The'nature'of'predestination'and'the'feeling'of'not'knowing'if'we'are'saved,'
these'led'to'protestant'prescribe'to'Calvinists'to'systematic'rational'labor'in'a'
calling'for'self'control
•
Calvinists'believed'God'didn’t'want'you'to'do'a'few'things,'God'wanted'your'
whole'life'to'be'for'him
•
Work'continuously'that'is'self'controlling'and'self'denying•
Gain'control'of'yourself'that'denies'your'impulses'at'any'moment•
If'you’re'committed'to'a'calling'like'this,'that'God'must'favor'you'because'if'God'
wouldn’t'have'le'you'become'successful'you'wouldn’t'have'been'chosen
•
Success'was'a'symbol'that'could'help'you'combat'the'feelings'that'God'hasn’t'
chosen'you
•
The'people'who'did'this'brought'into'a'sense'of'an'ethic'where'you'work'for'no'
personal'gratification,'everything'you'do'is'for'the'goal.'Not'for'you,'for'God
•
You'work'so'that'the'success'becomes'an'end'in'itself•
Success'in'business'is'measured'in'the'growth'of'profit•
Weber'believed'this'contributed'to'the'rise'of'capitalism'in'the'West•
Religious'cultures'–Europe'had'been'the'first'of'societies'to'become'“modern”'
rational'capitalistic'
•
Christianity'must'have'formed'innovative'people'to'overcome'tradition•
This'happened'in'Europe'with'the'Calvinists,'drawn'to'build'the'profits'who'
wouldn’t'be'stopped'by'traditional'attitudes'for'religious'reasons
•
Weber'compared'different'religious'cultures•
What'drives'people'in'different'societies?•
Interests'can'be'inspired'by'a'faith'or'need,'cultural'value•
Reflect'a'much'more'complex'of'human'beings•
We'must'look'at'what'drives'human'beings'besides'their'material'interests•
Why'the'west'took'off'with'capitalism?'He'doesn’t'think'the'west'is'superior•
The'west'discovered'modern'science'and'capitalism'which'everyone'realized'
was'ultimate
•
Rationalization'more'developed'in'the'west•
It'effected'our'class'struggle•
Centralization'of'administration'only'part'of'it•
Rationalization'was'about'the'human'struggle'to'master'nature'and'the'social'
world
•
Rationalization'threatens'to'control'all'of'us'and'dictate'the'conditions'and'
terms'for'living
•
People'believed'that'religion'was'about'faith'and'religion,'not'about'the'
rational'–they'take'you'to'a'realm'that’s'different
•
Weber'says'even'in'religion'you'can'see'rationalizing'forces'in'work•
Religion'has'always'tried'to'attract'people'by'showing'them'a'picture'of'life'that'
could'be'pleasing'to'God'and'provide'them'salvation
•
To'exercise' rationality•
It’s'not'any'different'than'what'intellectuals'do•
Catholicism'always'looked'for'a'way'to'help'them'deal'with'the'burden'of'sin,'
creating'forms'of'prayer'&'masses
•
Like'magic•
Calvinism'turns'against'the'magical'practices'of'Christianity•
What'does'it'mean'to'call' an'economy'rational?'Nothing'but'economic'factors'
are'considered
•
The'most'fully'developed'of'rationalization'is'capitalism,'based'on'calculation•
Based'on'how'these'laws'can'lead'to'the'growth'of'surplus'value,'the'laws'
determine'whether'you’ll'be'successful'or'fail
•
Beaucratization'–bureau'means'office,'means'that'administration'is'based'on'
rules'that'apply'to'everyone,'relies'on'calculating'means
•
Another'interest'of'development,'starts'in'renaissance•
Outcomes'in'politics'follow'laws•
Success'depends'on'power•
Rationalization'in'our'intellectual' life'is'bothersome•
People'used'to'believe'science'and'religion'were'opposed'each'other•
Weber'said'there’s'a'problem'with'modern'science'–science'draws'out'the'
effort'to'ask'what'they'really'mean.'Science'is'THIS'is'how'it'works
•
Modern'science'is'becoming'a'force'that’s'undermining'our'goal'for'why'we’re'
alive
•
Rationalization'has'changed'death•
Humans'used'to'live'on'the'land,'close'to'the'cycles'of'nature•
As'long'as'humans'can'see'themselves'in'the'cycle,'death'had'a'special'meaning•
The'hope'to'live'through'maturing'and'death•
We'don’t'live'in'cycles,'we'live'in'the'line'of'progress'that’s'always'moving'
forward
•
How'can'death'have'a'meaning'when'it’s'moving'forward?•
We'just'die'–where'is'the'meaning'of'death•
Nov'27
Domination'–who’s'in'command?•
You'will'see'forms'of'domination'everywhere•
People'in'charge'always'want'to'be'seen'as'legitimately'in'charge•
They'have'no'choice,'but'also'because'their'legitimate' –they'have'legit'right•
If'you'have'to'use'force,'you'don’t'have'power•
Charismatic'–profit'who'says'follow'me'if'you'want'what'I'have•
How'do'forms'of'rule'appeal'to'a'notion'they'are'legit'so'you'follow'them?•
Legal'rational'–my'legitimacy'is'based'on'rules'and'laws'so'we'follow'–most'
influential'='buricratic'
•
Traditional'–we'follow'king'or'queen'because'they'have'been'doing'it'for'years'
(constitutions)
•
Charismatic'–derives'from'a'claim'that'he/she'may'know'the'way'to'God,'lead'
the'people'to'prosperity'(special'kinds'of'power)'(president)
•
Weber:'if'you'look'at'rules'of'domination•
Bureaucracy'–you'own'obedience'to'the'laws'not'the'person•
Modern'bureaucracy'can’t'pass'on'to'your'children•
Charisma'in'the'calling'of'Calvinists'•
State'bureaucracy'growing'everywhere•
Bureaucracy'is'necessary'but'takes'away'innovation,'and'freedom'to'change'
course
•
Materialism'alone'doesn’t'dictate'how'societies'work•
Class'isn’t'the'only'social'structure'that'needs'to'be'looked'at•
Status'groups'–interests'are'based'on'sense'of'identity•
Nov'29
Goal'of'Durkheim'was'to'instill'republican'virtues,'freedom'of'choice'in'religion•
Dreyfus'affair•
A'political'struggle'that'arose'when'someone'was'found'guilty'for'selling'secrets'
to'the'Germans
•
Whole'case'built'on'falsehood•
Army'stood'by'the'evidence'even'thought'it'was'false,'once'the'army'speaks'the'
country'has'nothing'more'to'say
•
Dreyfus'was'exonerated'even'though'he'was'guilty•
Reform'and'transformation'–try'to'show'by'the'use'of'sociology'that'the'use'of'
republican'values'suited'modern'society'(not'monarchists)
•
You'can’t'prove'how'people'should'think'by'social'sciences'–weber'denied•
Moral'guidance'can'teach'us'the'values'necessary'for'the'moral'health'of'
society
•
Maintenance'of'social'order'–what'holds'society'together'–moral'order•
Modern'society'was'in'crisis'–class'conflict,'divisiness'between'societies'–a'
moral'crisis
•
How'to'reconcile'individuality'with'social'integration?•
Individuality'is'a'disease•
How'its'possible'for'one'to'support'individuality'while'holding'a'society'
together
•
Three'fundamental'themes:'sui'generis'–in'its'own'genus,'in'its'own'thing,'
nothing'like'it
•
Illusions:'society'was'a'collection'of'individuals.'Society'cant'be'understood'like'
that,'must'see'it'as'a'whole'–cannot'account'for'what'goes'on'there'by'taking'a'
sum'of'the'indiv
•
Society'exists'in'an'independent'fashion,'an'existing'thing'that'occupies'•
Put'people'together'and'they'will'form'bonds'and'connections'with'one'
another
•
Instead'of'remaining'isolated,'something'has'changed•
A'society'is'different'than'its'parts•
Always'a'moral'order,'doesn’t'just'exist'for'self'defense'or'to'protect'property'
and'trade,'society'is'the'source'of'all'the'shared'sense'of'meaningful'order'in'
the'world'that'we'all'experience
•
Source'of'shared'values'–society•
Society'is'there'to'provide'the'framework'of'values'and'meaning'that'holds'our'
life'together
•
Society’s'principle'purpose'is'to'shape'and'give'coherence'to'all'of'our'lives•
For'each'stage'of'society,'there'is'a'moral'order'that'works'for'it•
Every'society'requires'a'morality'that'allows'it'to'develop•
When'social'structures'change,'then'morality'has'to'change•
Moral'order'is'essential•
Science'alone'can'determine'the'state'of'moral'health'which'changes'when'
moral'changes
•
Society'shapes'us,'but'as'society'changes'we'have'to'be'flexible'to'change'moral'
order
•
Indiv'is'a'fundamental'social'being'–means'that'human'kinds'are'by'chance'in'
society'(by'accident)'we'don’t'just'happen'to'live'in'societies.'Social'life'is'the'
requirement'for'the'development'of'human'kind
•
Because'of'modern'social'life'that'individuality'is'capable'for'merging'where'
new'forms'have'become'possible
•
We'are'much'more'than'just'our'physical'organic•
The'indiv'becomes'more'inescapable'–the'indiv'is'a'product'of'social'
development
•
If'society'is'so'essential'to'providing'meaning,'then'we'must'do'everything'we'
are'capable'to'preserve'the'moral'health'of'society-not'just'something'that'
exists'outside'of'us
•
Possible'only'because'we'live'in'societies•
We'must'take'steps'to'restore'it,'moral'obligation•
Solidarity'–crisis'of'social'cohesion'produced'by'capitalism,'class'conflict,'
inequality,'we'must'act'to'restore'moral'health'of'society
•
Dec'1
What'is'rationalization
What'is'crisis'of'science
Problems'of'the'meaning'of'life'in'modern'society•
Moving'away'from'nature'held'a'tremendous'problem•
Durkheim:'the'fundamental'function'of'societies'to'frame'for'us'the'meaning'of'
our'world,'to'give'purpose'to'our'struggles
•
Capitalism'is'responsible'for'this'crisis•
Not'interested'if'people'have'meaning,'only'care'about'profit'and'growth•
If'you'make'them'masters'rather'than'servants'of'society,'you'will'find'a'
problem
•
Inequality'giving'economic'growth'the'dominant'voice•
Breaking'down'tasks'into'meaningless'tasks'has'undermined'common'purposes•
Economists'and'capitalists'not'interested'in'social'or'moral'health'–harder'to'
find'purpose'in'society
•
Weber'thinks'rationalization'is'dominant'force'of'society,'Durkheim'thinks'its'
division'of'labor'(driving'force'of'societies)'objectively'existing'process
•
Even'in'the'arts•
And'political'life'–division'of'labor,'everyone'has'to'specialize'in'something•
Defenders'of'monarchy'–hate'division'of'labor,'think'its'breaking'up'their'
society,'undoing'stable'patterns
•
Hostile'to'every'form'of'individualism'^•
Does'it'have'moral'significance?'DOL'is'positive'or'negative'form'of'solidarity•
Durkheim:'DOL'can'be'justified'as'moral'good'–contributing'to'holding'modern'
society'together
•
Only'if'you'can'show'it’s'a'source'of'social'solidarity'and'coherence•
Does'it'bind'people'together?•
Durkheim:'can'be'defended'as'a'source'of'solidarity'for'modern'society•
Page'xxx:'“How'does'it'come'about'that'the'indiv'while'becoming'more'
autonomous'still'depends'on'society?'How'can'you'become'at'the'same'time'
more'linked'to'society'..'transformation'of'solidarity'itself”
•
Durkheim'is'a'defender'of'personal'development'and'advancement•
DOL'is'creating'a'new'kind'of'solidarity'-a'kind'that'permits'more'individuality'
than'the'old'kind
•
Durkheim'is'against'anti'capitalist'forces'of'France'–defend'modern'
developments,'defend'capitalists'and'modern'society
•
Still'has'solidarity,'but'a'new'form•
New'possibilities'of'individuality'arise'because'old'bonds'get'looser'–even'
though'individuality'is'growing,'modern'society'doesn’t'lack'social'solidarity'–
why?'because'DOL'–giving'people'opportunity'to'take'up'new'professions,'
holding'society'together
•
People'are'becoming'different'from'eachother'–religious'values,'different'
goals'–can'do'more'things'because'they’re'not'being'squeezed'by'the'old'order
•
Mechanical'solidarity'is'disappearing'while'organic'is'starting'to'appear•
Less'developed'------ more'developed'(organic)•
DOL'is'going'to'lead'societies'toward'organic'solidarity•
A'continuum'based'on'this'kind'of'development•
The'same'religion,'same'attitudes'toward'what'you'can'do'with'your'life'–
common'consciousness'
•
Every'social'group'must'be'built'on'some'kind'of'solidarity'that'allows'them'to'
persist'over'time
•
Societies'are'different'and'diff'societies'have'different'forms'of'solidarity•
More'uniform'–homogenuous'–not'different'from'one'another'–solidarity'will'
take'on'form'(mechanical)'same'mental'attitudes,'same'religion,'conformity'or'
sharing'a'common'consciousness'–we'are'bonded'to'them'with'a'kind'of'
mechanical'solidarity
•
Something'like'us'–autonomous,'solidarity'will'look'different'–socities'have'
few'rules,'very'few'opportunities
•
Society'is'a'consciousness'but'it'has'real'effects'on'the'world•
12/4
Domination'–capacity'of'a'legal' order'that'its'commands'will'be'carried'out•
Weber:'three'types'legal'rational'mode'of'domination'that'appealed'to'the'
actions'of'the'social'order
•
Issues'of'rules'and'legality'are'necessary'–following'rules•
Everyone'is'subject'to'the'law•
When'we'obey'the'law,'were'obeying'not'people'but'the'law'or'office'they'have'
occupied
•
Traditional'domination:'obedience'to'particular'individuals,'princesses'what'we'
grew'up'with
•
Charismatic'domination:'qualities'of'the'leader'–follow'me'and'I'will'lead'you'
to'a'better'situation'(unstable)'(pure'charisma'doesn’t'last'long)
•
Weber:'beauricritization'–most'powerful'form'of'domination•
Modern'society’s'require'that'kind'of'order'–you'cant'look'over'needs'without'
the'beauticritization'of'rule
•
Would'overwhelm'all' other'impulses'and'needs'because'it’s'so'strong•
Dictates'the'terms'of'modern'life•
Weber'was'afraid'the'people'in'front'of'him'would'claim'they'would'follow'
anyone'who'could'claim'they'could'save'Germany'
•
Politics'is'about'doing'those'hard'things'–don’t'follow'false'leaders•
Problem'of'the'western'world'was'that'beacricrcy'was'getting'so'strong'that'the'
modern'western'states'would'become'rigid,'inflexible,'and'the'nightmare'
model'of'China
•
Weber:'beauticratic'suffication'is'what'scares'him'the'most•
Start'at'bottom,'move'up,'by'the'time'you'get'to'the'top'theres'no'independent'
thinking'–defends'organization
•
Where'will'great'leadership'come'from?'Weber•
Western'world'will'lose'its'dynamism'and'freedom•
Spirit'of'beaucracy:'the'attitude'of'the'people,'whats'their'orientation'toward'
the'world
•
To'obey'the'orders'given'to'them:'their'ethos'–carry'out'tasks'–shapes'people'
so'the'spirit'migrates'to'their'whole'life'–we'believe'in'carrying'out'the'tasks'
given'to'us'–weber'said'that’s'the'problem.'We'need'political'leaders'with'
passion,'not'leaders'who'grew'up'believing'in'obedience
•
Have'to'appeal'to'people'and'modernize'them•
Weber'said'it'wont'work'in'domestic'politics'and'international'arena•
When'the'middle'class'grew'economically'strong,'it'would'produce'people'who'
would'generate'political'leaders
•
Creation'of'leadership'through'mass'elections'–plebiscite'people'come'out'to'
vote'nationally
•
Weber'is'not'a'democratic,'believes'democracy'is'a'mask•
Their'followers'shut'up'and'follow'them,'once'you'select'them'your'job'is'done,'
leaders'are'to'be'left'to'direct'the'nation
•
Weber:'just'because'you'do'have'presidencies,'that'doesn’t'mean'you’ll'have'
the'right'kind'of'person'going'into'office
•
Issue'of'character'involved:'you'need'qualities'in'a'leader•
Character'problem'is'rationalization'–how'do'you'change'a'rationalist'spirit'to'
something'that'wants'to'fight'and'lead'in'politics
•
Rationalization'made'it'hard'to'find'those'characters•
Needs'to'have'a'calling'for'politics'like'puritans'called'for'God•
Model'of'the'calling'weber'thinks'he'can'revive'–to'try'to'encourage'young'
people'to'see'their'lives'in'terms'of'seeking'a'calling
•
Not'just'an'issue'for'him'in'politics,'but'in'social'life•
Believes'the'rational'world'has'changed'our'meaning'of'death•
People'have'lost'religious'faith'–what'do'they'have'left•
Science'cant'tell'us'the'meaning'of'our'lives,'but'it'gives'us'technique'and'
technology
•
Everyone'must'discover'the'values'that'he/she'is'most'gripped'by'and'to'serve'
those'values'–find'meaning'by'living'by'a'higher'cause
•
Change'their'lives'to'they'fulfill'this'accomplishment'of'the'values•
Live'in'a'self'denying'way'and'devote'yourself'to'making'it'real•
Permanent'conflict•
Weber:'life'is'an'endless'battle'between'values'that'never'ends•
Will'only'find'meaning'in'a'calling•
He'sees'us'a'champion'of'our'values,'values'are'in'the'fight,'meaning'of'our'
lives'becoming'warriors,'making'ourselves'self'conscious'combat,'impersonal'
forces'rule'the'world
•
Lives'are'determined'by'these'fights'and'the'only'thing'you'could'do'is'join'it•
What'is'the'spirit'of'capitalism•
What'durkehim'thinks'of'society•
Protestant'ethic'+'politics'and'science'as'a'vocation•
Problem'of'the'spirit'of'capitalism•
Franklins'approach'to'the'spirit'of'capitalism•
Different'religions'influence'economic'conduct,'Calvinism•
How'it'could'be'that'entrepreneurs'have'such'a'big'influence•
Do'not'create'capitalism,'mostly'material'for'capitalism'to'arise•
They'helped'capitalism'develop•
Rationalization'–how'he'sees'it'in'protestant'ethic•
Meaning'of'science•
Types'of'dominant'and'how'he'uses'it'to'think'about'the'problems'of'the'
modern'state
•
Durkheim:'solidarity,'different'kinds'and'what'they’re'based'on•
How'he'measures'solidarity'using'law•
More'penal'law,'sign'of'mechanical'solidarity•
Problems'with'solidarity'or'the'division'of'labor•
Anomie-don’t'know'which'direction'to'go'in•
Forced'division'of'labor•
Cant'give'privileges'to'people'based'on'birth•
Egalitarian'view•
Durk:'where'will'indiv'find'meaning'in'a'society'filled'with'conflict'–look'to'
society'itself,'strengthen'aspects,'our'wellbeing'depends'on'it
•
Affinity:'things'two'people'share'–look'how'similar'they'are•
Durkh:'what’s'the'moral'tasks,'teach'people'their'goal,'show'them'their'
contribution'–turn'the'DOL,'an'alienation,'to'where'people'think'their'a'
contribution.'Need'a'social'value'where'everyone'sees'their'worth
•
Anomie-only'going'to'work'to'make'money'what’s'the'point'of'this•
12/7
Politics'as'a'vocation'+'science'as'a'vocation•
Continuum'[----------]'Mechanical'---- organic•
Crime'is'punished'because'it'offends'society•
Penal'law'and'restitutal'law'•
Penal'law'is'about'punishment'–harm'offenders'because'society'has'been'
harmed
•
Punishment'is'a'ritual'way'for'affirming'the'communities'values•
See'punishment'as'positive'–affirms•
Punishment'as'a'way'of'society'restating'what'it'values'and'its'consensus•
Collective'consciousness'is'so'strong'in'those'societies'that'it'will'not'tolerate'
deviance'or'opposition'–threats'to'its'very'existence
•
As'society'evolves'and'division'of'labor'develops,'more'need'for'law•
Create'a'system'of'society'supporting'eachother•
Key'to'modern'society'is'DOL,'as'society'grows'DOL'grows•
Societys'change'in'volume'and'density'affects'DOL•
Durk:'DOL'coordinates'indiv'(interdependence)•
DOL'fulfills'the'role'of'common'consciousness•
Gives'us'a'sense'of'larger'purpose•
D:'modern'society'is'in'a'condition'where'the'moral'regulation'is'not'working•
DOL'is'not'doing'the'job'of'holding'society'together'and'sustaining'indiv'growth•
DOL'is'a'process'of'growth'and'interaction•
Anomie-without'law'and'clear'purpose'describes'a'situation'where'the'people'
caught'up'in'DOL'cannot'see'shared'standards,'values
•
Nobody'praised'DOL'except'capitalists'because'competition•
Capitalists'–profit'and'more'profit•
Building'a'moral'order'and'strengthening'solidarity•
Relying'on'the'market'and'exchange'will'not'produce'•
How'can'you'shape'a'moral'order'that'can'reduce'crisis•
The'role'of'solidarity'is•
DOL-not'involved'in'producing'final'product,'limited'social'connection,'dol'
makes'people'feel'alienated
•
They'and'there'fellow'laborers'are'values•
If'we'stress'the'larger'purpose'in'the'DOL'and'show'them'their'goal,'they'will'
not'experience'work'
•
We'will'overcome'the'feeling'of'work'that'work'is'forced'on'us•
Durk:'DOL'is'not'at'fault,'it’s'the'abnormal'use'of'the'DOL'an'interference'in'the'
nature'of'the'DOL'when'people'are'not'integrated'socially
•
Workers'need'to'know'the'direction'of'their'work'–natural•
That’s'the'way'we'give'this'meaning'•
DOL'as'a'force'for'solidarity'was'more'important'from'producing'time'to'time•
Forced'DOL'working'in'jobs'youre'not'suited'in•
When'privileged'people'obtain'positions'even'though'their'talents'don’t'merit'
it'–when'people'are'born'in'lower'are'kept'at'the'bottom,'this'is'the'way'of'
perpetuating'inequality
•
Equalize'the'opportunities'to'rise'so'people'can'obtain'the'kind'of'work'suited'
to'them
•
Integrate'people'teaching'them'goals,'equalize'conditions,'equal'education•
Strengthen'organic'solidarity'and'reduce'conflict•
331-what'is'moral'is'everything'that'is'a'source'of'solidarity•
whatever'contributes'to'social'solidrty,'to'regulate'his'actions'of'his'own'egoism•
Morality'is'about'the'integration'of'people'together•
•
12/8
2017年12月9日 星期六 下午7:03
Monday'October'30'SOCI
Mode'of'production'–People'organize'themselves'to'produce'in'a'certain'way•
If'the'social'relations'can'support'that'kind'of'production'(capitalist)•
Society'is'to'be'understood'in'terms'of'mode'of'production'combined'with'
social'structure'and'advance'economic'production
•
Base'of'society'–mode'of'production•
Society'and'state'–Marx:'tools'+'social'structure•
Relations'of'production'='civil'society'means'that'place'where'people'act'as'
citizens'in'their'life
•
Human'struggle'='social'and'economic'position•
State'favors'aristocrats'or'entrepreneurs'because'they’re'powerful•
Looking'to'the'state'for'our'freedom'is'a'misunderstanding•
Class'–relationship'between'the'owners'of'property'vs'those'who'must'work'
on'what'the'owners'own
•
It’s'possible'to'be'born'into'class'and'not'be'able'to'escape•
Class'is'a'group'of'people'that'was'born'into'a'class'that'owns'such'means'–a'
classification'concept.'Describes'groups'based'on'where'they'fit'in'the'
productive'system
•
Class'can'wind'up'determining'life'distinction.'Restricting'and'providing'
opportunities
•
Marx'believes'the'class'system'of'modern'bourgeoisie'society•
Which'class'benefits'and'which'controls'the'state•
Bourgeoisie'applies'to'the'workers'saying'we'have'a'common'enemy:'
aristocracy
•
Helps'organize'the'working'class:'common'interest'is'overthrow'the'aristocracy'
that'rules
•
By'getting'the'workers'involved,'becoming'more'aware'of'their'common'
interests
•
Classes'now'express'their'common'needs•
Important'for'common'destiny'of'people'in'the'same'class•
History'–if'you'want'to'understand'history'you'have'to'understand'the'people'
who'own'the'means'of'production'and'those'who'do'not
•
Bourgeoisie'has'revolutionized'every'aspect'of'society'and'also'created'mobile'
laboring'class
•
You'need'a'labor'force'to'be'a'capitalist•
Bourgeoisie'created'proletariat'by'people'by'free'to'choose'where'they'work,'to'
move'to'cities'and'work'for'wages
•
Class'system'and'productive'system'exploded•
They'created'world'market•
Capitalism'will'run'into'such'a'crises,'it'wont'be'able'to'start'over•
He'hopes'to'put'the'working'class'on'the'side'of'history'–Marx•
Contradiction'–all'of'the'great'revolutions'have'their'origin'in'contradiction'
between'the'forces'of'production/technical'means'and'social'
structure/relations
•
At'certain'stages'of'development,'that'social'structure'holds'back'the'
development'of'means'of'production
•
The'slave'system'got'in'the'way'of'the'production,'replaced'by'serf'system•
Feudal'created'a'new'structure'so'that'mode'of'production'can'keep'going•
When'the'social'structure'is'an'obstacle,'a'class'will'emerge'that'will'try'to'get'
rid'of'the'old'system'so'that'productivity'can'emerge
•
192'–“eventually,'in'our'time'too,'there'will'develop'a'stage'when'capitalist'
social'structure'will'come'into'conflict'with'existing'means'of'production”
•
Communist'consciousness•
Working'class'will'try'to'abolish'working'mode'of'production,'alienated'labor'&'
classes'all'together'to'end'class'domination
•
Egalitarian•
Can'you'trust'people'who'earn'money'off'others?
•
If'they'had'saved'money,'natural'resources'built'up'through'their'own'labors'
then'you'can'say'that'person'has'the'right'to'the'capital
•
Primitive'accumulation'–become'a'capitalist'by'saving'that'legitimates'your'
right'to'profit
•
Smith:'morally'defend'profit'taking
•
Marx'is'going'to'attack'the'notion'that'there'was'ever'primitive'accumulation
•
WED'Nov'1
Capital'emerges'as'a'relation'between'things
1.
Not'just'money,'doesn’t'give'you'capital
1.
Comes'from'a'relationship'between'owners'of'wealth'and'owners'of'labor'
power
1.
Commodity'is'manufactured'for'human'use
1.
Everything'has'a'use'value'to'be'a'commodity
1.
Something'that'satisfies'a'human'need'or'desire
1.
Every'commodity'has'a'use'value
1.
We'create'a'system'of'exchange'which'gives'it'an'exchange'value
1.
X'number'trades'for'Y'number'of'commodity'(quantitative)'proportion
1.
Use'value'is'high'but'exchange'value'can'be'low
1.
(Diamond)
1.
How'can'you'work'out'a'proportion'of'exchange?
1.
One'thing'all'commodities'have'in'common'is'that'every'commodity'is'the'
product'of'labor
1.
How'much'of'your'life'must'you'work'to'be'able'to'earn'enough'wages'to'buy'
something?
1.
Value:'going'to'measure'how'much'human'labor'power'went'in'to'making'
something
1.
Commodities'have'use'and'exchange'value'but'they'also'have'value
1.
Something'can'be'of'use'value,'but'have'no'value'(labor'to'require'to'produce'
it)
1.
It'can'be'useful'but'a'produce'of'labor'–might'not'be'a'commodity?'Why?'
Something'has'to'be'produced'or'at'least'put'in'exchange'relation'with'other'
commodities
1.
To'produce'true'commodities,'we'have'to'produce'use'values'for'others
1.
Things'they'will'find'useful'and'want'to'acquire'in'exchange'for'social'use'values
1.
Use'values'produced'by'labors'but'to'meet'the'needs'of'others
1.
Nature'produces'wood'and'fruit,'water
1.
Humans'aren’t'the'only'producers'of'use'value
1.
There'have'been'societies'that'do'not'produce'commodities'to'sell'to'anyone1.
Everything'is'produced'for'them,'not'for'market'–subsistence'economies1.
Capitalism'is'for'exchange'not'for'use1.
C'–M'–C'-Excess'of'Commodities,'taken'to'a'Market,'goal'of'selling'another'
Commodity'(spending)'(previous'modes'of'production)
1.
Use'values'and'subsistence'do'^1.
M'–C'–M'+'M–starts'with'Money,'converts'to'Commodities,'wants'to'sell'
commodities'for'more'Money'(looking'to'grow)'(money'can'be'used'to'create'
more'money)'labor'creates'more'value'that'can'than'be'taken'to'market'and'
sold
1.
^'Capitalist'(money'is'no'longer'a'means'of'exchange,'money'becomes'capital)'
(money'is'the'goal'of'the'transaction)
1.
Only'capital'when'directly'put'to'use'for'this'purpose'^1.
Surplus'value'–to'create'extra'value'than'when'into'the'transaction'(kind'of'
profit)
1.
Valorization'of'money1.
Capitalist'accumulation'–not'use'values,'not'profit'on'one'transaction'only,'the'
unceasing'of'more'and'more'profit'and'surplus'value
1.
Endless'unceasing'production'of'surplus'money.'By'moving'through'money'into'
commodities'into'more'money
1.
To'organize'production'through'labor1.
The'unique'capacity'of'labor'power'which'is'able'to'create'more'value'when'
you'use'it'than'it'has
1.
Value'–measurement'of'the'amount'of'labor'power'that'produced'it1.
Labor'power'itself'has'value'–in'order'for'their'to'be'labor'power,'I'require'a'
certain'amount'of'goods'to'work'everyday
1.
My'value'is'what'I'needed'to'be'produced1.
Labor'power'requires'other'sources'of'labor'power'for'survival1.
Labor'is'a'commodity'that'has'value'and'creates'value1.
The'laborer'produces'more'value'than'he/she'has1.
They'can'produce'more'goods'to'be'sold'than'he/she'needs'for'simple'survival1.
Any'time'a'worker'works'past'a'point'where'needed,'that’s'surplus&value1.
Money'invested'to'be'used'for'commodities'(laborer)'to'produce'more'money1.
Monday'Nov'3
Alienation'refers'to'the'consciousness'of'labors'in'the'capitalist'labor'process1.
It'looks'as'if'you’re'free,'but'you'hate'what'you’re'doing1.
Alienation'is'in'the'inability'to'grasp'you'can’t'think'what'you'will'do'about'it1.
Only'then'can'working'people'organize'to'improve'their'situation1.
Alienation'is'the'obstacle'to'understanding1.
A'distortion'of'the'reality1.
Inside'the'one'commodity'is'the'truth'of'the'whole'mode'of'production1.
How'did'it'get'produced?1.
Take'a'look'at'the'working'day'–12'hour'work'day1.
Surplus'value1.
Lower'your'costs'by'increasing'productivity1.
Breaking'point'at'6'hours1.
Capitalism'is'driven'toward'technological'revolution1.
Capital'and'labor'have'no'choice'but'to'struggle1.
Capitalism'lets'you'create'that'surplus'value'that'can'be'sold'in'a'market'and'
produces'profit
1.
The'laws'of'the'mode'of'production'dictate'the'struggle1.
Get'rid'of'production'for'profit'to'get'rid'of'the'struggle'between'capital'and'
labor
1.
Only'when'one'side'overcomes'the'other'and'suppresses'the'laws'of'the'mode'
of'production'
1.
Turn'it'back'to'recognizing'what'people'need1.
Capitalism'needs'people'to'buy'what'it'produces'but'it'leaves'needs'of'people'
unmet
1.
The'answer'is'the'suppression'of'the'laws'and'the'redirection'of'production'to'
meeting'human'need
1.
You'can’t'make'a'revolution'unless'you'can'help'turn'peoples'consciousness'in'a'
different'direction
1.
Give'people'practical'experience' of'freedom'and'their'mores'will'support'that1.
Marx:'we'need'to'breakthrough'the'problem'of'mystification1.
Production'seems'to'be'private,'but'its'not'private1.
Marx'believes'that'commodities'are'the'news'mystification'(fetishism'of'
commodities)
1.
In'our'world,'commodities'are'fetish'objects1.
Hard'for'us'to'understand'the'social'relations'that'produce'it1.
Capitalism'as'a'mode'of'production1.
Socially'organized'labor1.
Help'people'see'the'class'relations'in'which'they'are'embedded1.
Key'to'understanding'social'life1.
Wed'Nov'8
Dictatorship'of'the'bourgeoisie'–one'class'ruling1.
Dictatorship'of'the'proletariat'-all'members'of'the'working'class'take'part'of'
the'actions'of'the'state.'Mass'participation
1.
Ending'the'exploitation'of'a'class'over'other'classes1.
Marx:'radically'democratic1.
Tocqueville'feared'democratic'despotism1.
Administrative'centralization'was'becoming'natural'and'would'be'harder'for'
local'liberties'to'be'protected
1.
Beauractrization'flourishes'on'the'ground'of'democracy'–treats'everyone'the'
same'way
1.
Weber'argued'that'advance'of'beautcritization'was'not'a'local'problem,'it'was'a'
much'larger'process'that'was'going'on'worldwide
1.
Rationalization'–linking'it'to'the'human'capacity'to'think'rationally1.
Elimination'of'all'magic'–no'secret'powers1.
Development'of'science1.
Advance'of'capitalism'–not'just'another'mode'of'production'for'Weber'–
furthers'rationalization
1.
A'permanent'undermining'of'religious'belief1.
cultural'factors'–non'material'factors'having'to'do'with'belief1.
Material'conditions'alone'do'not'lead'to'social'change1.
Protestant'ethic'–about'capitalist'as'a'system1.
Development'was'driven'by'the'state'to'become'militarily' and'economically'as'
Britain'–done'in'40'years
1.
Capitalism'is'the'spirit'of'acquisition'turned'loose'–worst'of'deadly'sins1.
Material'conditions'alone'are'required'to'explain'how'capitalism'works1.
Weber:'what'about'before'it'was'in'the'position'to'shape'people?1.
Something'else'must'account'for'the'deposition'of'indiv'to'do1.
Who'are'the'people'that'drove'capital'forward?'Something'must'have'bee'
present'to'go'from'traditional'enterprise'to'capitalist'fashion
1.
Nov'13
As'long'as'economic'interests'exist,'people'will'be'drawn'to'•
Social'psychology•
Traditional'vs'modern'world•
For'them'to'go'to'the'new'world'is'a'big'step•
The'people'raised'in'the'traditional'world'don’t'know'the'formula'MCMdeltaM•
Raised'with'traditional'expectations'–expect'the'world'to'look'how'it'look'
when'they'were'raised'(traditional)
•
Who'are'the'people'born'in'one'kind'of'culture'who'then'are'prepared'to'step'
away'from'their'cultural'values
•
Weber:'by'means'of'capitalistic'enterprise•
Page'359:'the'kind'of'capitalism'established'in'the'West'is'a'new'kind,'sober'
bourgeois'capitalism
•
Weber:'what'would'motivate'certain'people'to'undertake'capitalist'system'that'
it'would'impose'itself'on'the'rest'of'the'world
•
How'did'people'live'before'capitalist'was'the'dominant'mode'of'production•
How'did'they'live'and'what'caused'them'to'act'in'this'way•
There'has'to'be'a'new'attitude,'will'to'act,'to'intervene'in'traditional'world'that'
changed'the'attitude'and'orientation'of'certain'people
•
Leading'to'the'emergence'of'the'“spirit”'that'would'eventually'establish'the'
capitalist'mode'of'production'as'a'system
•
Not'a'desire'for'money,'always'existed•
What'makes'the'capitalist'different'isn’t'about'greed,'what'is'characteristic'of'
the'capitalist'mode'of'production'is'SAVING'AND'REINVESTMENT
•
Making'money'which'you'save'and'reestablish'in'the'business•
Weber:'this'traditional'spirit'preserved'traditional'business•
They'worked'in'a'way'that'changed'the'dynamic•
Their'form'of'enterprise'is'to'disappear•
A'set'of'people'who'had'an'attitude'of'doing'business'in'a'self'controlled'
manner'that'shocked'everyone'else
•
The'terms'they'used'to'build'their'business'was'new•
Driven'out'of'business'because'they'could'not'compete'OR'imitate'the'people'
they'were'competing'with
•
Weber:'why'did'the'capitalist'system'get'established'in'the'west'and'no'where'
else'and'how'did'it'happen
•
Why'the'west’s'uniqueness•
Doesn’t'think'Marx'has'been'adequate•
Why'do'people'break'with'their'upbringing'and'strike'out'into'a'new'world•
The'settling'of'the'us'and'the'beginning'of'the'capitalist'mode'of'production'
happened'at'the'same'time
•
What'Weber'means'as'spirit:'beginning'with'modern'spirit'itself•
How'would'you'define'a'spirit'of'capitalism:'Benjamin'Franklin•
Page'9:'money'is'of'the'prolific'generating'nature'for'the'ability'to'reproduce•
The'more'there'is'of'it,'the'more'it'produces•
An'inorganic'object,'money,'can'reproduce'–a'view'that'was'rejected'by'Calvin'
(blasphemy)
•
Money'is'alive,'if'you'spend'it,'it'won’t'reproduce'to'make'more'money•
Money'begets'more'money'and'keeps'begetting'more'money•
Weber'said'it'isn’t'just'MCMdeltaM•
The'indiv'has'a'duty'to'increase'capital•
This'isn’t'just'advice,'its'ethos,'prescription'for'how'to'live•
Indiv'ALSO'has'an'obligation'to'work'in'a'calling'or'vocation•
Weber'says'look'at'Catholicism:'the'call'to'withdrawal'form'the'world'and'work'
in'the'spirit'of'the'calling
•
Once'this'ethic'takes'over,'man'is'dominanted'by'the'making'of'money•
CMC'–meeting'needs•
MCMdeltaM'–making'money'and'more'money•
Weber'is'shifting'analysis'away'from'the'discussion'of'material'objects/money'
shifting'it'to'cultural'origins'a'new'kind'of'indiv
•
Weber:'a'new'kind'of'indiv'we'call'protestant/Calvinist•
Weber'is'describing'the'shaping'of'a'new'kind'of'person•
Page'22:'description'of'these'new'entrepreneurs:'whererever'the'capitalist'
spirit'emerges'…'Moral'indignation'can'threaten'..'To'maintain'the'vigor'
necessary'..'
•
A'new'kind'of'ethical'actor'in'the'world,'a'new'kind'of'person'in'European'
history,'will'not'find'in'the'history'of'other'religious'cultures
•
Purpose'of'protestant'ethic'to'find'out'where'they'came'from'and'how'they'
were'shaped
•
Nov'15
Ethic'or'ethos'–not'advice,'an'obligatory'way'of'life'–ethos'means'obligation,'
whether'God'requires'it'or'society,'an'obligation'that'makes'you'feel'
responsible'for'some'kind'of'action
•
An'ethic'to'how'one'pertains'one'economic'life•
A'sense'of'duty'to'their'economic'life•
An'obligation'to'see'your'money'as'life.'If'you'do'not'invest'it,'you'are'
murdering'it
•
View'your'capital'as'something'alive'that'wants'to'grow•
Increase'your'deltaM•
Primarily'about'your'sense'of'obligation'to'making'your'wealth'grow•
One'factor'in'the'development'of'capitalist' that’s'been'ignored'–the'spirit'of'
capitalism
•
Luther'–a'call'by'God'to'everybody’s'worldly'work•
He/she'has'a'calling'given'by'God•
Protestant'reformation•
Sanctify•
For'Luther,'cares'about'obedience•
Weber'said'he'requires'everyone'to'be'traditional•
Luther'sanctifies'worldly'work,'but'Calvinists'do'something'different•
Lutheran'calling:'Weber'said'its'not'a'source'of'the'unique'spirit'Franklin'
describes
•
Trace'it'back'to'Calvinism•
Predestination•
Calvin'believed'it'followed'from'the'absolute'knowledge'of'God,'including'
whether'you'will'be'saved'or'not
•
We'are'powerless'compared'to'Gods'power•
Difficulty'for'a'Christian'is'to'figure'out'what'God'wants•
Calvin'says'God'hasn’t'opened'a'pathway'for'salvation•
He'either'bestows'it'or'not•
Man'exists'for'God•
How'do'you'deal'with'the'uncertainty?•
Desperate'to'know'whether'they'were'saved'or'not•
Weber'says'this'is'a'psychological'problem•
Take'up'a'calling,'but'ministers'said'see'yourself'as'nothing'but'a'tool'of'Gods'
purposes
•
Let'yourself'see'yourself'as'working'for'God'in'your'calling•
If'you’re'working'successfully,'its'not'that'hard'to'think'that'God'would'not'be'
giving'you'success'in'your'calling' if'he'had'no'intention'of'bestowing'grace'on'
you
•
Calvin'says'there’s'no'way'of'knowing,'but'ministers'said'look'at'is'as'a'sign'and'
it'should'dispel'damnation'
•
Measuring'success'is'economic'success'because'that'is'measurable'
(quantitative)
•
You'can'choose'a'calling,'but'by'the'growth'of'your'money'm'+'deltaM•
Devout'yourself'to'a'calling,'put'your'own'desires/impulses'aside,'see'your'work'
as'God’s'work,'see'yourself'as'God’s'tool,'and'then'if'you'have'success'you'can'
interest'it'as'saying'God'would'not'have'chosen'me'if'I'had'not'been'chosen
•
Nov'20
Weber'believes'in'the'study'of'the'economical'system•
The'nature'of'predestination'and'the'feeling'of'not'knowing'if'we'are'saved,'
these'led'to'protestant'prescribe'to'Calvinists'to'systematic'rational'labor'in'a'
calling'for'self'control
•
Calvinists'believed'God'didn’t'want'you'to'do'a'few'things,'God'wanted'your'
whole'life'to'be'for'him
•
Work'continuously'that'is'self'controlling'and'self'denying•
Gain'control'of'yourself'that'denies'your'impulses'at'any'moment•
If'you’re'committed'to'a'calling'like'this,'that'God'must'favor'you'because'if'God'
wouldn’t'have'le'you'become'successful'you'wouldn’t'have'been'chosen
•
Success'was'a'symbol'that'could'help'you'combat'the'feelings'that'God'hasn’t'
chosen'you
•
The'people'who'did'this'brought'into'a'sense'of'an'ethic'where'you'work'for'no'
personal'gratification,'everything'you'do'is'for'the'goal.'Not'for'you,'for'God
•
You'work'so'that'the'success'becomes'an'end'in'itself•
Success'in'business'is'measured'in'the'growth'of'profit•
Weber'believed'this'contributed'to'the'rise'of'capitalism'in'the'West•
Religious'cultures'–Europe'had'been'the'first'of'societies'to'become'“modern”'
rational'capitalistic'
•
Christianity'must'have'formed'innovative'people'to'overcome'tradition•
This'happened'in'Europe'with'the'Calvinists,'drawn'to'build'the'profits'who'
wouldn’t'be'stopped'by'traditional'attitudes'for'religious'reasons
•
Weber'compared'different'religious'cultures•
What'drives'people'in'different'societies?•
Interests'can'be'inspired'by'a'faith'or'need,'cultural'value•
Reflect'a'much'more'complex'of'human'beings•
We'must'look'at'what'drives'human'beings'besides'their'material'interests•
Why'the'west'took'off'with'capitalism?'He'doesn’t'think'the'west'is'superior•
The'west'discovered'modern'science'and'capitalism'which'everyone'realized'
was'ultimate
•
Rationalization'more'developed'in'the'west•
It'effected'our'class'struggle•
Centralization'of'administration'only'part'of'it•
Rationalization'was'about'the'human'struggle'to'master'nature'and'the'social'
world
•
Rationalization'threatens'to'control'all'of'us'and'dictate'the'conditions'and'
terms'for'living
•
People'believed'that'religion'was'about'faith'and'religion,'not'about'the'
rational'–they'take'you'to'a'realm'that’s'different
•
Weber'says'even'in'religion'you'can'see'rationalizing'forces'in'work•
Religion'has'always'tried'to'attract'people'by'showing'them'a'picture'of'life'that'
could'be'pleasing'to'God'and'provide'them'salvation
•
To'exercise' rationality•
It’s'not'any'different'than'what'intellectuals'do•
Catholicism'always'looked'for'a'way'to'help'them'deal'with'the'burden'of'sin,'
creating'forms'of'prayer'&'masses
•
Like'magic•
Calvinism'turns'against'the'magical'practices'of'Christianity•
What'does'it'mean'to'call' an'economy'rational?'Nothing'but'economic'factors'
are'considered
•
The'most'fully'developed'of'rationalization'is'capitalism,'based'on'calculation•
Based'on'how'these'laws'can'lead'to'the'growth'of'surplus'value,'the'laws'
determine'whether'you’ll'be'successful'or'fail
•
Beaucratization'–bureau'means'office,'means'that'administration'is'based'on'
rules'that'apply'to'everyone,'relies'on'calculating'means
•
Another'interest'of'development,'starts'in'renaissance•
Outcomes'in'politics'follow'laws•
Success'depends'on'power•
Rationalization'in'our'intellectual' life'is'bothersome•
People'used'to'believe'science'and'religion'were'opposed'each'other•
Weber'said'there’s'a'problem'with'modern'science'–science'draws'out'the'
effort'to'ask'what'they'really'mean.'Science'is'THIS'is'how'it'works
•
Modern'science'is'becoming'a'force'that’s'undermining'our'goal'for'why'we’re'
alive
•
Rationalization'has'changed'death•
Humans'used'to'live'on'the'land,'close'to'the'cycles'of'nature•
As'long'as'humans'can'see'themselves'in'the'cycle,'death'had'a'special'meaning•
The'hope'to'live'through'maturing'and'death•
We'don’t'live'in'cycles,'we'live'in'the'line'of'progress'that’s'always'moving'
forward
•
How'can'death'have'a'meaning'when'it’s'moving'forward?•
We'just'die'–where'is'the'meaning'of'death•
Nov'27
Domination'–who’s'in'command?•
You'will'see'forms'of'domination'everywhere•
People'in'charge'always'want'to'be'seen'as'legitimately'in'charge•
They'have'no'choice,'but'also'because'their'legitimate' –they'have'legit'right•
If'you'have'to'use'force,'you'don’t'have'power•
Charismatic'–profit'who'says'follow'me'if'you'want'what'I'have•
How'do'forms'of'rule'appeal'to'a'notion'they'are'legit'so'you'follow'them?•
Legal'rational'–my'legitimacy'is'based'on'rules'and'laws'so'we'follow'–most'
influential'='buricratic'
•
Traditional'–we'follow'king'or'queen'because'they'have'been'doing'it'for'years'
(constitutions)
•
Charismatic'–derives'from'a'claim'that'he/she'may'know'the'way'to'God,'lead'
the'people'to'prosperity'(special'kinds'of'power)'(president)
•
Weber:'if'you'look'at'rules'of'domination•
Bureaucracy'–you'own'obedience'to'the'laws'not'the'person•
Modern'bureaucracy'can’t'pass'on'to'your'children•
Charisma'in'the'calling'of'Calvinists'•
State'bureaucracy'growing'everywhere•
Bureaucracy'is'necessary'but'takes'away'innovation,'and'freedom'to'change'
course
•
Materialism'alone'doesn’t'dictate'how'societies'work•
Class'isn’t'the'only'social'structure'that'needs'to'be'looked'at•
Status'groups'–interests'are'based'on'sense'of'identity•
Nov'29
Goal'of'Durkheim'was'to'instill'republican'virtues,'freedom'of'choice'in'religion•
Dreyfus'affair•
A'political'struggle'that'arose'when'someone'was'found'guilty'for'selling'secrets'
to'the'Germans
•
Whole'case'built'on'falsehood•
Army'stood'by'the'evidence'even'thought'it'was'false,'once'the'army'speaks'the'
country'has'nothing'more'to'say
•
Dreyfus'was'exonerated'even'though'he'was'guilty•
Reform'and'transformation'–try'to'show'by'the'use'of'sociology'that'the'use'of'
republican'values'suited'modern'society'(not'monarchists)
•
You'can’t'prove'how'people'should'think'by'social'sciences'–weber'denied•
Moral'guidance'can'teach'us'the'values'necessary'for'the'moral'health'of'
society
•
Maintenance'of'social'order'–what'holds'society'together'–moral'order•
Modern'society'was'in'crisis'–class'conflict,'divisiness'between'societies'–a'
moral'crisis
•
How'to'reconcile'individuality'with'social'integration?•
Individuality'is'a'disease•
How'its'possible'for'one'to'support'individuality'while'holding'a'society'
together
•
Three'fundamental'themes:'sui'generis'–in'its'own'genus,'in'its'own'thing,'
nothing'like'it
•
Illusions:'society'was'a'collection'of'individuals.'Society'cant'be'understood'like'
that,'must'see'it'as'a'whole'–cannot'account'for'what'goes'on'there'by'taking'a'
sum'of'the'indiv
•
Society'exists'in'an'independent'fashion,'an'existing'thing'that'occupies'•
Put'people'together'and'they'will'form'bonds'and'connections'with'one'
another
•
Instead'of'remaining'isolated,'something'has'changed•
A'society'is'different'than'its'parts•
Always'a'moral'order,'doesn’t'just'exist'for'self'defense'or'to'protect'property'
and'trade,'society'is'the'source'of'all'the'shared'sense'of'meaningful'order'in'
the'world'that'we'all'experience
•
Source'of'shared'values'–society•
Society'is'there'to'provide'the'framework'of'values'and'meaning'that'holds'our'
life'together
•
Society’s'principle'purpose'is'to'shape'and'give'coherence'to'all'of'our'lives•
For'each'stage'of'society,'there'is'a'moral'order'that'works'for'it•
Every'society'requires'a'morality'that'allows'it'to'develop•
When'social'structures'change,'then'morality'has'to'change•
Moral'order'is'essential•
Science'alone'can'determine'the'state'of'moral'health'which'changes'when'
moral'changes
•
Society'shapes'us,'but'as'society'changes'we'have'to'be'flexible'to'change'moral'
order
•
Indiv'is'a'fundamental'social'being'–means'that'human'kinds'are'by'chance'in'
society'(by'accident)'we'don’t'just'happen'to'live'in'societies.'Social'life'is'the'
requirement'for'the'development'of'human'kind
•
Because'of'modern'social'life'that'individuality'is'capable'for'merging'where'
new'forms'have'become'possible
•
We'are'much'more'than'just'our'physical'organic•
The'indiv'becomes'more'inescapable'–the'indiv'is'a'product'of'social'
development
•
If'society'is'so'essential'to'providing'meaning,'then'we'must'do'everything'we'
are'capable'to'preserve'the'moral'health'of'society-not'just'something'that'
exists'outside'of'us
•
Possible'only'because'we'live'in'societies•
We'must'take'steps'to'restore'it,'moral'obligation•
Solidarity'–crisis'of'social'cohesion'produced'by'capitalism,'class'conflict,'
inequality,'we'must'act'to'restore'moral'health'of'society
•
Dec'1
What'is'rationalization
What'is'crisis'of'science
Problems'of'the'meaning'of'life'in'modern'society•
Moving'away'from'nature'held'a'tremendous'problem•
Durkheim:'the'fundamental'function'of'societies'to'frame'for'us'the'meaning'of'
our'world,'to'give'purpose'to'our'struggles
•
Capitalism'is'responsible'for'this'crisis•
Not'interested'if'people'have'meaning,'only'care'about'profit'and'growth•
If'you'make'them'masters'rather'than'servants'of'society,'you'will'find'a'
problem
•
Inequality'giving'economic'growth'the'dominant'voice•
Breaking'down'tasks'into'meaningless'tasks'has'undermined'common'purposes•
Economists'and'capitalists'not'interested'in'social'or'moral'health'–harder'to'
find'purpose'in'society
•
Weber'thinks'rationalization'is'dominant'force'of'society,'Durkheim'thinks'its'
division'of'labor'(driving'force'of'societies)'objectively'existing'process
•
Even'in'the'arts•
And'political'life'–division'of'labor,'everyone'has'to'specialize'in'something•
Defenders'of'monarchy'–hate'division'of'labor,'think'its'breaking'up'their'
society,'undoing'stable'patterns
•
Hostile'to'every'form'of'individualism'^•
Does'it'have'moral'significance?'DOL'is'positive'or'negative'form'of'solidarity•
Durkheim:'DOL'can'be'justified'as'moral'good'–contributing'to'holding'modern'
society'together
•
Only'if'you'can'show'it’s'a'source'of'social'solidarity'and'coherence•
Does'it'bind'people'together?•
Durkheim:'can'be'defended'as'a'source'of'solidarity'for'modern'society•
Page'xxx:'“How'does'it'come'about'that'the'indiv'while'becoming'more'
autonomous'still'depends'on'society?'How'can'you'become'at'the'same'time'
more'linked'to'society'..'transformation'of'solidarity'itself”
•
Durkheim'is'a'defender'of'personal'development'and'advancement•
DOL'is'creating'a'new'kind'of'solidarity'-a'kind'that'permits'more'individuality'
than'the'old'kind
•
Durkheim'is'against'anti'capitalist'forces'of'France'–defend'modern'
developments,'defend'capitalists'and'modern'society
•
Still'has'solidarity,'but'a'new'form•
New'possibilities'of'individuality'arise'because'old'bonds'get'looser'–even'
though'individuality'is'growing,'modern'society'doesn’t'lack'social'solidarity'–
why?'because'DOL'–giving'people'opportunity'to'take'up'new'professions,'
holding'society'together
•
People'are'becoming'different'from'eachother'–religious'values,'different'
goals'–can'do'more'things'because'they’re'not'being'squeezed'by'the'old'order
•
Mechanical'solidarity'is'disappearing'while'organic'is'starting'to'appear•
Less'developed'------ more'developed'(organic)•
DOL'is'going'to'lead'societies'toward'organic'solidarity•
A'continuum'based'on'this'kind'of'development•
The'same'religion,'same'attitudes'toward'what'you'can'do'with'your'life'–
common'consciousness'
•
Every'social'group'must'be'built'on'some'kind'of'solidarity'that'allows'them'to'
persist'over'time
•
Societies'are'different'and'diff'societies'have'different'forms'of'solidarity•
More'uniform'–homogenuous'–not'different'from'one'another'–solidarity'will'
take'on'form'(mechanical)'same'mental'attitudes,'same'religion,'conformity'or'
sharing'a'common'consciousness'–we'are'bonded'to'them'with'a'kind'of'
mechanical'solidarity
•
Something'like'us'–autonomous,'solidarity'will'look'different'–socities'have'
few'rules,'very'few'opportunities
•
Society'is'a'consciousness'but'it'has'real'effects'on'the'world•
12/4
Domination'–capacity'of'a'legal' order'that'its'commands'will'be'carried'out•
Weber:'three'types'legal'rational'mode'of'domination'that'appealed'to'the'
actions'of'the'social'order
•
Issues'of'rules'and'legality'are'necessary'–following'rules•
Everyone'is'subject'to'the'law•
When'we'obey'the'law,'were'obeying'not'people'but'the'law'or'office'they'have'
occupied
•
Traditional'domination:'obedience'to'particular'individuals,'princesses'what'we'
grew'up'with
•
Charismatic'domination:'qualities'of'the'leader'–follow'me'and'I'will'lead'you'
to'a'better'situation'(unstable)'(pure'charisma'doesn’t'last'long)
•
Weber:'beauricritization'–most'powerful'form'of'domination•
Modern'society’s'require'that'kind'of'order'–you'cant'look'over'needs'without'
the'beauticritization'of'rule
•
Would'overwhelm'all' other'impulses'and'needs'because'it’s'so'strong•
Dictates'the'terms'of'modern'life•
Weber'was'afraid'the'people'in'front'of'him'would'claim'they'would'follow'
anyone'who'could'claim'they'could'save'Germany'
•
Politics'is'about'doing'those'hard'things'–don’t'follow'false'leaders•
Problem'of'the'western'world'was'that'beacricrcy'was'getting'so'strong'that'the'
modern'western'states'would'become'rigid,'inflexible,'and'the'nightmare'
model'of'China
•
Weber:'beauticratic'suffication'is'what'scares'him'the'most•
Start'at'bottom,'move'up,'by'the'time'you'get'to'the'top'theres'no'independent'
thinking'–defends'organization
•
Where'will'great'leadership'come'from?'Weber•
Western'world'will'lose'its'dynamism'and'freedom•
Spirit'of'beaucracy:'the'attitude'of'the'people,'whats'their'orientation'toward'
the'world
•
To'obey'the'orders'given'to'them:'their'ethos'–carry'out'tasks'–shapes'people'
so'the'spirit'migrates'to'their'whole'life'–we'believe'in'carrying'out'the'tasks'
given'to'us'–weber'said'that’s'the'problem.'We'need'political'leaders'with'
passion,'not'leaders'who'grew'up'believing'in'obedience
•
Have'to'appeal'to'people'and'modernize'them•
Weber'said'it'wont'work'in'domestic'politics'and'international'arena•
When'the'middle'class'grew'economically'strong,'it'would'produce'people'who'
would'generate'political'leaders
•
Creation'of'leadership'through'mass'elections'–plebiscite'people'come'out'to'
vote'nationally
•
Weber'is'not'a'democratic,'believes'democracy'is'a'mask•
Their'followers'shut'up'and'follow'them,'once'you'select'them'your'job'is'done,'
leaders'are'to'be'left'to'direct'the'nation
•
Weber:'just'because'you'do'have'presidencies,'that'doesn’t'mean'you’ll'have'
the'right'kind'of'person'going'into'office
•
Issue'of'character'involved:'you'need'qualities'in'a'leader•
Character'problem'is'rationalization'–how'do'you'change'a'rationalist'spirit'to'
something'that'wants'to'fight'and'lead'in'politics
•
Rationalization'made'it'hard'to'find'those'characters•
Needs'to'have'a'calling'for'politics'like'puritans'called'for'God•
Model'of'the'calling'weber'thinks'he'can'revive'–to'try'to'encourage'young'
people'to'see'their'lives'in'terms'of'seeking'a'calling
•
Not'just'an'issue'for'him'in'politics,'but'in'social'life•
Believes'the'rational'world'has'changed'our'meaning'of'death•
People'have'lost'religious'faith'–what'do'they'have'left•
Science'cant'tell'us'the'meaning'of'our'lives,'but'it'gives'us'technique'and'
technology
•
Everyone'must'discover'the'values'that'he/she'is'most'gripped'by'and'to'serve'
those'values'–find'meaning'by'living'by'a'higher'cause
•
Change'their'lives'to'they'fulfill'this'accomplishment'of'the'values•
Live'in'a'self'denying'way'and'devote'yourself'to'making'it'real•
Permanent'conflict•
Weber:'life'is'an'endless'battle'between'values'that'never'ends•
Will'only'find'meaning'in'a'calling•
He'sees'us'a'champion'of'our'values,'values'are'in'the'fight,'meaning'of'our'
lives'becoming'warriors,'making'ourselves'self'conscious'combat,'impersonal'
forces'rule'the'world
•
Lives'are'determined'by'these'fights'and'the'only'thing'you'could'do'is'join'it•
What'is'the'spirit'of'capitalism•
What'durkehim'thinks'of'society•
Protestant'ethic'+'politics'and'science'as'a'vocation•
Problem'of'the'spirit'of'capitalism•
Franklins'approach'to'the'spirit'of'capitalism•
Different'religions'influence'economic'conduct,'Calvinism•
How'it'could'be'that'entrepreneurs'have'such'a'big'influence•
Do'not'create'capitalism,'mostly'material'for'capitalism'to'arise•
They'helped'capitalism'develop•
Rationalization'–how'he'sees'it'in'protestant'ethic•
Meaning'of'science•
Types'of'dominant'and'how'he'uses'it'to'think'about'the'problems'of'the'
modern'state
•
Durkheim:'solidarity,'different'kinds'and'what'they’re'based'on•
How'he'measures'solidarity'using'law•
More'penal'law,'sign'of'mechanical'solidarity•
Problems'with'solidarity'or'the'division'of'labor•
Anomie-don’t'know'which'direction'to'go'in•
Forced'division'of'labor•
Cant'give'privileges'to'people'based'on'birth•
Egalitarian'view•
Durk:'where'will'indiv'find'meaning'in'a'society'filled'with'conflict'–look'to'
society'itself,'strengthen'aspects,'our'wellbeing'depends'on'it
•
Affinity:'things'two'people'share'–look'how'similar'they'are•
Durkh:'what’s'the'moral'tasks,'teach'people'their'goal,'show'them'their'
contribution'–turn'the'DOL,'an'alienation,'to'where'people'think'their'a'
contribution.'Need'a'social'value'where'everyone'sees'their'worth
•
Anomie-only'going'to'work'to'make'money'what’s'the'point'of'this•
12/7
Politics'as'a'vocation'+'science'as'a'vocation•
Continuum'[----------]'Mechanical'---- organic•
Crime'is'punished'because'it'offends'society•
Penal'law'and'restitutal'law'•
Penal'law'is'about'punishment'–harm'offenders'because'society'has'been'
harmed
•
Punishment'is'a'ritual'way'for'affirming'the'communities'values•
See'punishment'as'positive'–affirms•
Punishment'as'a'way'of'society'restating'what'it'values'and'its'consensus•
Collective'consciousness'is'so'strong'in'those'societies'that'it'will'not'tolerate'
deviance'or'opposition'–threats'to'its'very'existence
•
As'society'evolves'and'division'of'labor'develops,'more'need'for'law•
Create'a'system'of'society'supporting'eachother•
Key'to'modern'society'is'DOL,'as'society'grows'DOL'grows•
Societys'change'in'volume'and'density'affects'DOL•
Durk:'DOL'coordinates'indiv'(interdependence)•
DOL'fulfills'the'role'of'common'consciousness•
Gives'us'a'sense'of'larger'purpose•
D:'modern'society'is'in'a'condition'where'the'moral'regulation'is'not'working•
DOL'is'not'doing'the'job'of'holding'society'together'and'sustaining'indiv'growth•
DOL'is'a'process'of'growth'and'interaction•
Anomie-without'law'and'clear'purpose'describes'a'situation'where'the'people'
caught'up'in'DOL'cannot'see'shared'standards,'values
•
Nobody'praised'DOL'except'capitalists'because'competition•
Capitalists'–profit'and'more'profit•
Building'a'moral'order'and'strengthening'solidarity•
Relying'on'the'market'and'exchange'will'not'produce'•
How'can'you'shape'a'moral'order'that'can'reduce'crisis•
The'role'of'solidarity'is•
DOL-not'involved'in'producing'final'product,'limited'social'connection,'dol'
makes'people'feel'alienated
•
They'and'there'fellow'laborers'are'values•
If'we'stress'the'larger'purpose'in'the'DOL'and'show'them'their'goal,'they'will'
not'experience'work'
•
We'will'overcome'the'feeling'of'work'that'work'is'forced'on'us•
Durk:'DOL'is'not'at'fault,'it’s'the'abnormal'use'of'the'DOL'an'interference'in'the'
nature'of'the'DOL'when'people'are'not'integrated'socially
•
Workers'need'to'know'the'direction'of'their'work'–natural•
That’s'the'way'we'give'this'meaning'•
DOL'as'a'force'for'solidarity'was'more'important'from'producing'time'to'time•
Forced'DOL'working'in'jobs'youre'not'suited'in•
When'privileged'people'obtain'positions'even'though'their'talents'don’t'merit'
it'–when'people'are'born'in'lower'are'kept'at'the'bottom,'this'is'the'way'of'
perpetuating'inequality
•
Equalize'the'opportunities'to'rise'so'people'can'obtain'the'kind'of'work'suited'
to'them
•
Integrate'people'teaching'them'goals,'equalize'conditions,'equal'education•
Strengthen'organic'solidarity'and'reduce'conflict•
331-what'is'moral'is'everything'that'is'a'source'of'solidarity•
whatever'contributes'to'social'solidrty,'to'regulate'his'actions'of'his'own'egoism•
Morality'is'about'the'integration'of'people'together•
•
12/8
2017年12月9日 星期六 下午7:03
Document Summary
Mode of production people organize themselves to produce in a certain way. If the social relations can support that kind of production (capitalist) Society is to be understood in terms of mode of production combined with social structure and advance economic production. Society and state marx: tools + social structure. Relations of production = civil society means that place where people act as citizens in their life. State favors aristocrats or entrepreneurs because they"re powerful. Looking to the state for our freedom is a misunderstanding. Class relationship between the owners of property vs those who must work on what the owners own. It"s possible to be born into class and not be able to escape. Class is a group of people that was born into a class that owns such means a classification concept. Describes groups based on where they fit in the productive system. Marx believes the class system of modern bourgeoisie society.
