CGSC378 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Muscle, Vocal Folds, Larynx
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
CGSC378
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
•Anatomy vs. Physiology
•Anatomy: study of the structure of an organism
•Physiology: study/function of the living organisms and its parts, as well as the chemical processes
involved
•Descriptive Anatomy: description of body parts without disease conditions
•Clinical Anatomy: application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease
•Pathological Anatomy: changes in structures as the relate to disease
•Gross vs. Microscopic Anatomy
•Developmental Anatomy: growth and development of the organism from conception throughout the
lifespan
•Cytology and Histology: study cells and tissues
•Myology: examines muscle form and function
•Arthrology: study of the joint system for bones
•Osteology: study of form/function of bones
•Neurology: study of diseases of the nervous system
•Planes Tissues and Terms
•Perspective
•context surrounding focus will change perception
•Anatomical Position: default—> body is erect and the palms, arms and hands face forward
•axial skeleton: head/trunk with spinal column as axis
•appendicular skeleton: includes lower and upper limbs
•neuroaxis: axis of the brain (takes a T formation after neurological changes)
•spinal cord and brain stem have a dorsal (back) and ventral (front) surfaces corresponding to those
of the surface of the body
•because the cerebrum folds forward, the dorsal surface is also the superior surface and the ventral
surface is also the inferior surface
•sensitive to physical orientation: vertical , horizontal
•NOT sensitive to orientation: frontal, coronal and longitudinal (axes)
•Planes
•Transverse: divides higher from lower in bipeds (bottom and top half)
•Saggital: divides right from left (hemispheric)
•Coronal (a.k.a frontal): parallel to forehead, at right angle to saggital cut)
•anterior/ventral (both refer to front side of the body)
•posterior/dorsal (both refer to back sides)
•rostral: toward the head—> refers to a structure anterior to another
•Oblique: heart, internal obliques in abdomen (across body on a diagonal)
•Terminology: Surfaces (all relative)
•anterior vs. posterior
•toward the front vs. toward the back
•superior vs. inferior (refer to actual present position of body rather than a description based on
anatomical position)
•upper vs. lower
•used in situations when gravity is important
•external vs. internal
•toward the outside surface of the body vs toward the inside tissues of the body
•medial vs. lateral (orientation of a structure relevant to another structure, disregarding anatomical
position)
•toward the midline (center of your body) vs. away from the midline
•proximal vs. distal (ex. shoulder is proximal to elbow)
•toward the trunk vs toward the extremity
•superficial vs. deep
•toward the surface vs. away from the surface
•dorsal vs. ventral
•backside vs. belly side
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
•transverse vs. oblique
•across vs. diagonal
•cranial (rostral) vs. caudal (refer to actual present position of body rather than a description based
on anatomical position)
•heads vs. tails
•congenital vs. acquired
•assumed to be present at birth vs. resulting from accident, illness or faulty learning
•peripheral vs. superficial
•away from the center vs. confined to the surface
•“deep to another”
•closer to the axis of the body
•Reorient
•quadriped (four legged animals)
•dorsal superior to ventral
•extremities
•plantar (foot) and palmar (hand) vs. dorsal (bony side of each)
•Parts of the Body
•Trunk
•thorax: chest region
•abdomen: region represented externally as the belly
•Dorsal Trunk
•back
•pelvis: area of hip bones
•Skull
•cranial portion: houses the brain and its components
•facial portion: houses the mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity and structures related to the upper airway
and mastication (chewing)
•Upper and Lower Extremities
•Cavities in which the Organs Reside:
•cranial cavity: brain
•vertebral canal: spinal cord
•thoracic cavity: lungs and related structures
•pericardial cavity: heart
•abdominal cavity: digestive system
•Describing Movement
•flexion vs. extension
•curl vs. stretch
•dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion
•toward the dorsum of the foot vs. toward the sole of the foot
•abduction vs. adduction
•away from vs. together
•medial vs. lateral rotation
•circular movement toward vs. away from the midline
•prone vs. supine (refer to actual present position of body rather than a description based on
anatomical position)
•on the belly (ventral) vs. on the back (dorsal)
•opposition
•the opposable thumb
•Cells
•living, organized protoplasm
•differ based on types of tissues they comprise
•“living”
•irritability: potential to react to external environment
•growth=positive change
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Rounded projections (off main trajectory/surface of the bone: trochanter (largest, tubercle (medium, tuberosity (smallest, 2. Fissure: crack or deep groove in a bone, 2. Foramen: little/big hole or perforation in bone, foramen magnum: hole at the bottom of your skull where the medulla narrows out, becomes the spinal cord, and exits the skull (cns exits the skull, 3. *olfactory nerve: afferent, mediates sense of smell through sensors within nasal cavity (sensory), affects taste perception, important to eating and swallowing: ii. Oculomotor nerve: efferent, mediates eyeball movement and accommodation to light: iv. Trochlear nerve: efferent; moves eyeball down: v. *trigeminal nerve: mixed; mediates sense of touch for face (sensory -ophthalmic branch= upper face, maxillary branch= lower face), controls many muscles for chewing (motor, maxillary branch, vi. *vestibulocochlear nerve: (sensory) mediates sound from cochlea to brain stem (auditory nerve); transmits info from vestibular (balance) system: ix.
