NTDT200 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Cardiovascular Disease, Liver, Fat
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
NTDT200
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Chapter 5
Diabetes Mellitus
patients waste away to nothing
• Patients have a problem with regulating blood glucose
• Normally blood glucose is tightly regulated
• Can cause complications and damage to other body functions if not monitored and controlled
Blood glucose regulation
-pancreas secretes insulin in response to increased blood sugar
• -stimulates cell to take up glucose from the blood
• -promotes extra glucose to fat in liver and adipose
pancreas secretes glucagon in response to decreased blood sugar
• Stimulates liver to release glucose into the blood
• Breaks down glycogen into glucose
• Synthesizes new glucose
Disrupted Blood Glucose regulation
Type 1 diabetes
• Lack of insulin
• Autoimmune disease
o Destroys insulin producing beta cells in pancreas
o Can’t e digestion because hormone would get destroyed
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
• Panreas an’t produe insulin
• Muscle and adipose
• Can’t take up gluose
• Causes hyperglycemia
• Glucose spills into urine
• Fatty acids released from adipose tissue
o Used as energy source instead of muscle protein
o Can’t e e used y the rain
• Converted to ketone bodies in the liver
o Ketoacidosis can result
o Diabetic ketoacidosis coma DKA
Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes
• Disease treated with insulin injection
• Injections discovered in 1921 by Dr. Banting who injected it into dogs
• First human patient was 14 year old boy
Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
• Risk Factors
o Obesity
o Physical inactivity
o Lifestyle
Most common form of diabetes is type 2
• Prediabetes
o Fasting glucose 100-125
o Oral glucose tolerance test 140-199mg/dl
o Increased risk of type two
o heart disease
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o stroke
o treatment through lifestyle strategies, weight control and physical activity
o dietary modifications
• Type two diabetes
o Fasting bg >125mg/dl
o OGTT >200mg/dl
• Gestational diabetes
o occurs because of high blood sugar during pregnancy
o pregnancy hormones cause insulin resistance
o glucose crosses placenta to infant
o infant produces excess insulin
o extra fuel and insulin causes larger than normal baby
Risk factors
• obese prior to pregnancy
• older than 25 years old
• fam history and non-white race
Gestational diabetes consequences
• for mother
o cesarean section
o high bp during pregnancy
o increased risk of developing diabetes in 10-20 years
• for infant
o risk of shoulder injury during births
o higher risk of breathing problems
o increased risk of becoming an obese child
o increased risk of developing diabetes as an adult
Complications of diabetes include
• Heart
• Blood vessels
• Kidneys
• Eyes
• Nerves
Diabetes on the rise due
• Obesity
• Overeating
• Decreased physical activity
• Increased sedentary behaviors
Effects of food on blood glucose
• Carbohydrates
• Glycemic index-ranking of foods by their ability to raise glucose levels
• Glycemic load-(foods GI x foods grams of carbs)/100
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Diabetes mellitus patients waste away to nothing: patients have a problem with regulating blood glucose, normally blood glucose is tightly regulated, can cause complications and damage to other body functions if not monitored and controlled. Pancreas secretes insulin in response to increased blood sugar. Stimulates cell to take up glucose from the blood. Promotes extra glucose to fat in liver and adipose pancreas secretes glucagon in response to decreased blood sugar: stimulates liver to release glucose into the blood, breaks down glycogen into glucose, synthesizes new glucose. Lack of insulin: autoimmune disease, destroys insulin producing beta cells in pancreas, can"t (cid:271)e digestion because hormone would get destroyed. Treatment of type 1 diabetes: disease treated with insulin injection, first human patient was 14 year old boy. Injections discovered in 1921 by dr. banting who injected it into dogs. Treatment of type 2 diabetes: risk factors, obesity, physical inactivity, lifestyle.
