APK 2105C Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Anterior Pituitary, Posterior Pituitary, Tropic Hormone
16 Jun 2018
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Exam 2 Study Guide
Chapter 6
1. Name the primary and secondary endocrine glands and the hormones associated with
each.
• Primary Endocrine Glands = their primary function is secreting hormones
o Pineal
▪ Melatonin
o Hypothalamus
▪ Neurohormones
• PRH
• PIH
• TRH
• CRH
• GHRH
o Pituitary
▪ Anterior
• Tropic hormones
o ACTH
▪ Posterior
• Oxytocin
• ADH (vasopressin)
o Thyroid
▪ T3
▪ T4
o Parathyroid
▪ PTH
o Thymus
▪ Thymosin
o Adrenal
▪ Adrenal cortex
• Steroid hormones
o Mineral corticoids
▪ Aldosterone
o Glucocorticoids
▪ Cortisol
o Sex hormones
▪ Androgens
▪ Adrenal medulla
• Catecholamines
o Epinephrine
o Norepinephrine
o Dopamine
o Pancreas
▪ Insulin
▪ Glucagon
▪ Somatostatin
o Ovaries
▪ Estradiol
▪ Progesterone
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o Testes
▪ Testosterone
▪ Androstenedione
o Placenta
• Secondary Endocrine Glands = they secrete hormones, but their primary function
is something else
o Heart
o Stomach
o Liver
o Kidney
o Small intestine
o Skin
2. Describe the links between the hypothalamus with the anterior and posterior pituitary
lobes.
• The hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate the pituitary lobes.
o ANTERIOR: The hypothalamus releases hormones into a capillary bed
that flow through a portal vein to another capillary bed and then stimulate
the glandular cell to release its hormone.
o POSTERIOR: The axons in the hypothalamus terminate on the capillary
bed within the lobe.
• The pituitary lobes then release hormones that stimulate other organs.
3. Describe the role of tropic hormones in regulating the release of other hormones,
including the feedback loops involved in the process.
• Tropic Hormones = stimulate an organ to
release another hormone that will affect a
different organ
• Negative Feedback Loops
o HYPOTHALAMUS: tropic hormone 1 is
released → ANTERIOR PITUITARY:
tropic hormone 2 is released →
ADRENAL GLAND: hormone 3 is
secreted → TARGET CELL
o LONG LOOP: Once enough of hormone
3 is released, it goes back to the
hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary
and stops the release of more of
hormone 1 and 2
o SHORT LOOP: When enough of
hormone 2 is released, it goes back to
the hypothalamus and stops the release
of more of hormone 1
4. Describe the types of interactions between hormones acting on the same target cell,
including additive, synergistic, and permissive.
• Because target cells might have receptors for more than one hormone on them,
they can be acted on by different hormones at the same time.
• Additive = net effect equals the sum of the individual effects
o 5 of A + 5 of B = 10 net effect
• Synergistic = net effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects
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o 5 of A + 5 of B = 15 net effect—they’re better when they work together
• Permissive = presence of one hormone is necessary for another to exert its
effects
o B cannot act without A
5. Determine whether or not an endocrine disorder is primary or secondary, hyper- or
hyposecretory based on given levels of hormones and/or symptoms.
• Hypersecretion = when there is too much secretion of a hormone
• Hyposecretion = when there is too little secretion of a hormone
• Primary Secretion Disorder = when there is something wrong with the last organ
secreting hormone—the one acting on the target cells
• Secondary Secretion Disorder = when there is something wrong with the anterior
pituitary gland or the hypothalamus
Chapter 7
1. Describe the major components of the nervous system and the direction of information
flow within and among them.
• Central Nervous System
o Brain
o Spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
o Afferent branch
▪ Neural input—information going from the body to the brain
▪ Sensory information
• Somatic senses
o Body
o Temperature
o Pressure pain
• Special senses
o Taste
o Smell
o Sight
o Sound
• Visceral senses = from the internal organs
o Efferent branch
▪ Neural output—information going from the brain to stimulate a
response in the body
▪ Motor system
• Somatic
o Skeletal muscle
• Autonomic
o Sympathetic
▪ Glands
▪ Smooth muscle
▪ Cardiac muscle
o Parasympathetic
▪ GI tract
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