APK 2105C Study Guide - Comprehensive Final Exam Guide - Adenosine Triphosphate, Skeletal Muscle, Protein
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20 Nov 2018
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APK 2105C
Chapter 1, Part 1
Introduction to Physiology
• Anatomy = study/science of body structures
• Physiology = study/science of body functions
o Utilizes principles from other sciences
▪ Biochemistry
▪ Engineering
▪ Physics
o Various levels of hierarchical organization
▪ Atoms → molecules → organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ
systems → organisms
• Applied physiology = similar to functional anatomy; looks at how structure and function
are integrally related
• Cells and tissues
o Cells = smallest living units of the body
▪ > 200 types of cells
o Tissues = different types of cells functioning together
▪ 4 classes of tissue
• Nervous
o 2 types of cells
▪ Neurons = specialized cells that transmit
information via electrical signals
• Branches of neurons send/receive signals
o Axons send information away from
the body of the neuron
o Dendrites bring information towards
the body of the neuron
• Functions
o Communication
o Control
o Sensory, integration, motor
▪ Sensory neurons bring
information to the brain
▪ Integration neurons interpret
information from sensory
neurons and tell the motor
neurons what to do
▪ Motor neurons carry out
action from integration
neurons
▪ Neuroglia = support cells within the nervous tissue
• Sometimes just called glial cells
• Have different types to make good
environment for neuron functions
• Muscle
o Overall function = movement
o Many secondary functions
▪ Thermoregulation
o 4 characteristics of the different types of muscle
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find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ Extensibility = stretch out without being damaged
▪ Elasticity = stretch and recoil without being
damaged
• Recoil (return to resting position) is very
important
• Stretching generates potential energy for
movement (that movement is the recoil)
▪ Contractility = generate force with tissue
▪ Excitability = have to be electrically excited to do
the movement
o 3 types of muscle
▪ Skeletal muscle = move the skeleton
• Cylindricle, elongated shape
• White and pink stripe (striation)
o Proteins that overlap and slide back
and forth to cause contraction
▪ Smooth muscle = makes up the wall of hollow
organs
• Not striated
• Look smoother
• Digestive system
▪ Cardiac muscle = makes up the wall of the heart
• Striated
• Contract
• Only in the heart wall (myocardium)
• Epithelium = sheet-like (always) arrangement of cells with under-
lying basement membrane of CT
o Simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers—2+)
▪ Also pseudostratified = looks stratified but is still
one layer of cells
▪ Simple epithelial
• Secretes something
• Absorbs something
• Not much of a barrier—things can move into
or out of the body
▪ Stratified epithelial
• Protect things
o Different shapes of cells
▪ Squamous = flat, squashed
▪ Columnar = long, sort of skinny
• Celia to help move things along the cell—
always associated with epithelial tissue
▪ Cuboidal
o Covers or lines
▪ Cover and line organs
▪ Think of a coat
• Coats covers the outside of the body
• There is a lining on the inside of the coat
that faces the inside
o Spaces within vessels = lumen
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com