MCB 2000 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Anaerobic Respiration, Petri Dish

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cyanprairie-dog5

23 May 2018

School

University of Florida

Department

Microbiology and Cell Science

Course

MCB 2000

Professor

Abdolkarim Asghari

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MCB 2000 Exam One Study-guide

1. Define microbes. What is the unit of life? What are the hallmarks (minimum requirements of life) of a

cell? Why do viruses do not fit in this picture? Name three acellular infectious agents.

• Microbes = organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye

• The units of life are cells.

• Hallmarks of the Cell = things every cell must have or be able to do

o Cell membrane

o Source of energy

o Reproduction/multiply/self replication

o Genetic material as DNA

o Regulate flow of energy across cell membrane

• Viruses are not cells because they do not conform to the hallmarks of the cell—they rely on their

host for those functions and things

• Acellular Infectious Agents

o Viruses

o Viroids

o Prions

2. What are the three domains of microorganisms, what are the five kingdoms of living organisms? Which

ones are prokaryotes? Which domain or kingdom do viruses belong to? Explain.

• 3 Domains

o Archea

o Bacteria

o Eukaryotes

• 5 Kingdoms

o Plants

o Animals

o Fungi

o Protozoan

o Monera

• Prokaryotic Kingdoms/Domains

o Archea

o Bacteria

o Monera

• Viruses are acellular and do not fit into any domain or kingdom—they are not living things.

3. Describe the role of microbes in making designer jeans? (Page 3)

• Cellulases from fungus help to make a softer, faded denim

• Bacteria can produce cotton and polyester with low environmental impact

• Special yeasts can make peroxidase needed for bleaching

• Bacteria can produce indigo for dyeing the jeans

• Microbes can make the plastic zippers and packaging material

4. List important contributions to microbiology made by Koch and Pasteur. List contributions made by

others discuss in lecture.

• Pasteur

o Disproved spontaneous generation—proved that living things have to come from other

living things

o Developed pasteurization = killing bacteria in a liquid without destroying the texture or

flavor of a food

▪ Originally used in vineyards

o Considered to be the father of microbiology

o Developed vaccine for rabies and anthrax

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• Koch

o Developed etiology—that bacteria/pathogens cause disease

▪ Established relationship between bacillus anthracis and anthrax

▪ Koch’s postulates = establish the link between a particular microorganism and a

particular disease

o His work led to the discover/development of

▪ Agar

▪ Petri dish

▪ Methods for isolating microbes

• Other Major Microbiology Milestones

o Leeuwenhook = microscope

o Jenenr = first vaccine (smallpox)

o Semmelweis = women were dying from childbirth because they were getting diseases

transmitted by physicians—hand washing in hospitals

o Snow = cholera is from contaminated water

o Lister = sterile (antiseptic) surgery

o Ehrlich = chemotherapy (drug to treat syphilis)

▪ Ehrlich was the first to pursue a magic bullet that could be used to treat

infectious disease

o Fleming = antibiotics

5. Define and give examples of bacterial morphology. What are the relative sizes of different cells?

• Bacteria Shapes

o Cocci = sphere, round shape

▪ Gram positive

• Step (seen in chains)

• Staph (seen in clusters)

▪ Gram negative

• PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)

o Bacillus/Rod = long, cylindrical shape

▪ Gram positive

• Clostridium

• Bacillus (anthrax)

▪ Gram negative

• E coli

• Salmonella

o Vibrio = curved rod shape

▪ Cholera

o Spirulum = spiral shaped

▪ Lyme disease

▪ Spirilla have external flagella but spirochets have axial filaments

o Filament = long, branched shape

• Sizes of Cells

o Viruses = 100 or so nanometers

o Bacteria Cells = 0.5-2.0 micrometers

o Eukaryotic Cells = 10’s of micrometers

6. Describe the important features of plasma (cytoplasmic, cell) membrane? What is meant by fluid-

mosaic model, semi-permeable or selective permeability? Which molecules can easily pass through

cell membrane without help of carriers?

Every cell has cell membrane

Some cells may have cell wall or outer membrane around them

Selective permeability = some people need permission to go across membrane

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7. How are molecules transported across the cell membrane? Compare passive diffusion/active transport

and simple/facilitated diffusion

• Passive Diffusion

o Molecules go down their concentration gradient into the cell

• Active Transport

o Requires energy to move molecule across membrane

o Usually moving against concentration gradient

• Simple Diffusion

o Small, fat-soluble molecules

o Flow through membrane without transport protein

o Molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient

• Facilitated Diffusion

o Larger, charged, not fat-soluble molecules

o Require transport protein (specific or nonspecific)

▪ Ex: water uses an aquaporin to cross the cell membrane

o Molecules still diffusing down their concentration gradient

8. Define final (terminal) electron acceptor. Give examples of final e- acceptors for aerobic and anaerobic

respiration

• In aerobic cellular respiration, the final e- acceptor is oxygen.

o In aerobic respiration the protein in the ETC right before ATP synthase forms

water

• In anaerobic respiration, the final e- acceptor may be another organic molecule (ex: nitrate,

carbonate, sulfate).

9. Compare respiration/fermentation/anaerobic. (Table 5.5)

• Respiration

o Glycolysis → krebs cycle (FAs are oxidized here)→ ETC

• Fermentation

o Glycolysis → fermentation (production of alchohol)

o Fermentation is the partial oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as

electron acceptors

10. Define and give examples of microorganisms that are considered primary producers.

• Primary Producers

o Produce organic substances from inorganic substances

o Make carbon from CO2

o Get their energy from sunlight

o Make their biomass from scratch

o Examples

▪ Plants

▪ Phytoplankton

▪ Bacteria

• Cyanobacteria are a type of photoautotroph

11. Define chemiosmosis theory.

• Chemiosmosis Theory = how ETC produces ATP

o When electrons come down the ETC, they push H+ out over the membrane

o The large conc of H+ on the outside of the membrane creates a concentration gradient

o The H+ flow down their concentration gradient through ATP Synthase

o ATP Synthase spins and uses its energy to attach ADP + Pi and make ATP

12. Compare cell envelope of G- vs. G+ (differences in cell wall/cell membrane/etc)

• Gram Positive Bacteria

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Document Summary

Mcb 2000 exam one study-guide: define microbes. Some cells may have cell wall or outer membrane around them. Give examples of final e- acceptors for aerobic and anaerobic respiration. In aerobic cellular respiration, the final e- acceptor is oxygen. In aerobic respiration the protein in the etc right before atp synthase forms water. List the forces and bonds involved in primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins. Compare the two with respect to magnification, resolution, and source of illumination. Isotonic solution = equal water concentration inside and outside of cell: hypertonic solution, higher water concentration inside the cell, higher solute concentration outside of the cell, water rushes out of the cell down concentration gradient, cell shrinks, shrivels. In a hypertonic solution, a bacterial cell will typically plamolyze: how temperature and ph may affect the cell. In prokaryotes, the etc is in the cell membrane. What are most hormones are made of: describe different variation oxygen requirements.

Related Questions

12. What is the primary aim of the scientific method? A. To formulate a hypothesis B. To introduce new variables into an ExperimentC. To include control groups in an experiment D. To modify an Experiment E. To discard the results if they do not support the hypothesis.

13. Supporters of spontaneous generation believe in the theory of biogenesis. True or false14. Louise pastors experiments discounted the theory of abiogenesis true or false

15. Hey Siri is a? E. Collection of statements, for positions, or concepts that explain or accounts for a natural event B. Prediction C. Process of experimentation D. Tentative explanation to account for what has been observed or measured 16. Joseph Listerâs concept of a sepsis in the medical setting consisted of what procedure? A. The practice of the handwashing B. The use of an autoclave C. Do use of antibiotics D. Do use of gloves 17. Which of the following is the largest in size? A.Escherichia coli(bacteria)B. Amoeba proteus (protozoa)C.Poliovirus (virus) D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis/Tuberculosis E.Bacillus anthacis/Anthrax

19. The smallest and most specific of the levels of classification is species. What level of classification is directly above species A.period domainB.familyC. Genus D. Phylum20. What time refers to the degree of evolutionary relatednessBetween living organisms? A. Morphology B. Physiology C. Hierarchy . Phylogeny

21. Which of the following statements regarding evolution is correct? A. Change is that favor survival or lost B.Living things change rapidly through millions of yearsC. Evolution results and structural and functional changes in organisms D. Changes that are not beneficial are preserved 22. Who is fox used what cell component in the classification of organisms into three domains? A.mRNA B.Protiens C.rRNA D.none of the above

23. Micro organisms can be found in all natural habitats. This defines micro organisms as being? A. Microscopic B. Eukaryotic C. Parasitic D. ubiquitous

24. The prokaryotic cell structure includes A. Nucleus, mitochondria B. Ribosomes, cell membranes C. All of the above D. None of the above

25.Regarding the involvement of micro organisms and energy and nutrient flow

A. Bacteria and fungi are important and decomposition

B. Algae are characterized as photosynthetic

C. All of the above are correct

D. None of the above is correct

26. The terms parasite, hots, pathogen, biofilms, and epidemiology are associated with:

A. The role of microorganisms in defomposition

B. The role of microorganisms in bio-remediation

C. The role of viruses in the infectious disease process

D. The role of microorganisms in the infectious disease process

E. None if the above

27. The scientific method can be summarized as:

A. A process

B. Observation, hypothesis, experiment, assessment of data, conclusion

C. All the above

28.in the development of medical microbiology;

A.ferdinand Cohn discovered heat-resistant bacterial spores

B. Robert Koch linked specific organism to specific diseases

C.louis pasteur and Roberts clutch advance the germ theory of disease D. All of the above are correct E. None of the above is correct number

29 the formal system of organizing classifying and naming organisms is called A. Morphology B. Physiology C. Here Archie D. Phylogeny E. None of the above number

30. The horse fox system of classification containâs a. The domains you Eukarya, archaea, bacteria

B. The kingdoms plants, fungi, animals, protists, Monerans, C. All of the above D. None of the above

Chapter No. 2

31. The simplest form of matter not the visible into simpler substances is? 32. Positively charged subatomic particles are? 33. Neutral subatomic particles are? 34. Negatively charged subatomic particles? 35. A pure substances with a chair at the rustic number of protons, Neutrons, and electrons? 36. The atomic number? 37. The number of protons and neutrons is the? 38. Verriant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons are? 39. The space surrounding the atomic nucleus where electrons are likely to be found? 40. A chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more Adams? 41. Chemical? Are formed when two or more atoms share, donate, or except electrons to form molecules. 42. Chemical bonding where electrons are shared among Adams are? 43. Chemical bonding where electrons are transferred to one Adam forming positively charged cations and negatively charged and ions? 44. Chemical bonding that is described as weak bonds between hydrogen and other Adams?

45. Regarding covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds, the following is true a period is covalent bonds electrons are shared among Adams be. In ionic bonds, electrons are transferred to one Adam forming (+) cations and (-) anions C. Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds between hydrogen and other Adams D. All of the above are correct E. None of the above are correct 46. Reactants also called substrates are molecules that start a reaction and products are substances left by a reaction. True or false 47. The pH scale express is the concentration of H plus ions, and it ranges from A.0 to 7 B. 1 to 14 C. 0 to 14 D. None of the above 48. Organic chemicals are compounds containing carbon bonded to nitrogen Adams. True or false 49. Carbon see is the fundamental element of life and eight. Contains four Adams and itâs our orbital be. Can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds see. Can form linear, branched, Or ringed moleculesD. All of the above are correct E. None of the above are correct 50. Biochemicals are organic compounds produced by living things and include A Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Nucleic acidâs E. All of the above are correct letter F. None of the above are correct51. In Marco molecules large are compounds assembled from smaller subunits. A monomer is a subunit and a polymer is a chain of monomers. true or false

52. Proteins pre-dominant molecules and cells,There monomers are the 20 amino acids, and there are polymers are peptides, polypeptides, proteins. There are some units are linked by peptide bonds. Which of the following protein characteristics are true A proteins fold into very specific 3-D shapes B proteins function as support, enzymes, transport, defense, movement C all of the above are correct D none of the above are correct 53. DNA the deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is formed by two long poly nucleotide strands linked by hydrogen bonds, the following is also threw a. A, C, C, GR nitrogen bases B. The DNA molecule is a double helix C. DNA functions as hereditary material

D. All of the above are correct E. None of the above are correct chapter 4. 54. Peptidoglycans, dipicolinic acid, and mycolic acid are chemicals. They are: Letter a. Associated with cell Walls and their function is protection B. Associated with the cell membranes and their function is protection C. All of the above are correct D. None of the above are correct 55. Steroids are chemicals found in pleomorphic Mycoplasma plasma. They are: E. Associated with cell walls and their function is protection B. Associated with the cell membrane and their function is protection C. All of the above are correct D. None of the above are correct 56. The cell membrane cytoplasmic membrane A. Has a phospholipid Byler B. Has it embedded proteins C. Is the conceptualized in the fluid Mosaic model D. All of the above

57. Which of the following is incorrect regarding the bacterial cell wall? Hey. Is it a target of certain antibiotics B. It determines the shape of the bacterium C. It prevents a bacterium from bursting due to changes in osmotic pressure D. Itâs comeposition where is among the major bacterial groups E. It is composed of repeating framework of lipids 58. Which of the following is incorrect regarding plasmids? E. They are extra chromosomal B. They Can become integrated into the bacterial chromosome C. They can come for protective traits D. They are essential for bacterial growth and survival E. They are important in genetic engineering techniques 59. Identification of bacteria requires a study of all but which of the following? A. Microscopic and macroscopic morphologyB. Bacterial physiology C. Quantitive analysis D. Serological analysis E. Genetic and molecular analysis

60. What is the structure of each of these functions

60. Adhesion 61. Proteins Synthesis 62. Selective permeability 63. Protective, pathogenicity 64. Site of mini bio chemical reactions 70 to 80% water 65. Iocomotion, chemotaxis 66. Nutrient storage (glycogen,PHB)

67. Conjunction 68. Protection from dehydration 69. Heat resistance(linked to calcium and dipicolinic acid) 70. Play a role infected catheters ,IUDs, artificial hip joints

Here are the key Structures for Questions 60 to 70

KEY:Flagella, endospores, so membrane, inclusion body, cytoplasmic matrix, ribosomes, cell-capsule, fimbriae, slime layer, Pilus, biofilms

Chapter No. 5

What are the eukaryotic structure of each of these functions

71. Generation of energy ATP 72. Site of ribosomes in you create excels 73. Locomotion 74. Location of chromosomes and nucleolus75. Convert sunlight energy into chemical energy such as algae and plants 76. Synthesis of nine proteins such as lipids 77. And enzyme found in tears saliva 78. Contains a verity of enzymes79. Collects and packages proteins

Here are the key for question 71 through 79

KEY:Lysosome, mitochondria, nucleus, lysozyme, Goldi-apparatus , flagella, cilia,pseudopia, PER, SER, chloroplasts, nucleus

80. Helminthes include: A. Roundworms(Nematodes) B. Tapeworms (cestodes)C. Flukes(Trematodes) D. all of the above E. None of the above

81. The cell walls of fungi are composed of what? A. Peptide Dougla can be. Chitin or cellulose C. All of the above D. None of the above

82. Where does RNA synthesis in Eukaryotes occur?

83. Asexual reproduction in fungi occurs by what process? A. Binary fission B. Meiosis C. Nuclear fusion D. Mitosis

84. Which of the following defines a lysosome? A. The Sicle that originates from the gold Golgi apparatus and contains a veriety of enzymesB a membrane bound sack contains fluids or solid particles to be digested see. A buck you all that contains reserve nutrients D. A vac you are that regulates osmotic pressure 85. Which of the following is correct regarding chloroplasts? K. They are the primary producers of organic nutrients B. They are found In LG and plant cells letter C. Oxygen gas is produced as a byproduct of their activities D. They convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis E. All of the above are correct.

89. All fungi utilize what as a nutritional substrate? A. Organic nutrients be. Carbon dioxide C. Inorganic ions D. Hydrant sulfide

86. What is formed when hyphae of two opposite fungi strains fuse in form diploidy spores?Sporangium, ConidiaB. Basidiospores, zygospores, Ascospores

C.All of the above are correct 87. What statement regarding the fungi is incorrect? E. Many species are pathogenic to field crops B. Fungi decomposed organic matter in return essential minerals to the soil C. They can be used to produce large quantities of antibiotics, alcohol, anod vitamins D. All of the above are correct E. All of the above are incorrect

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Question 1

The process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template is â¦

Select one:

a. replication

b. transcription

c. translation

d. inspiration

Question 2

Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not mitosis?

Select one:

a. DNA condenses into chromosomes

b. nuclear envelop disappears

c. homologous chromosomes separate

d. sister chromatids separate

Question 3

Which part of the animal life cycle is haploid?

Select one:

a. gamete

b. zygote

c. sporophyte

d. spore

Question 4

Single celled eukaryotic organisms are â¦

Select one:

a. viruses

b. bacterial

c. archaea

d. protists

Question 5

Which type of cellular division results in the formation of diploid cells from a diploid parent cell?

Select one:

a. mitosis

b. meiosis

c. interphase

d. A and B but not C

e. all of the above

Question 6

A sequence of DNA that codes for a single protein is a â¦

Select one:

a. gene

b. ribosome

c. mRNA

d. none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is characteristic of animals?

Select one:

a. heterotrophic

b. sexual reproduction

c. embryonic development

d. all of the above

Question 8

All genes have only two possible alleles.

Select one:

True

False

Question 9

The presence of membrane-bound organelles is characteristic of â¦

Select one:

a. prokaryotes

b. viruses

c. bacteria

d. eukaryotes

Question 10

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Select one:

a. fatty acids

b. amino acids

c. nucleic acids

d. all of the above

Question 11

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Select one:

a. Mitosis

b. Interphase

c. Meiosis

d. Replicosis

Question 12

Which of the following characteristic is shared among fungi and animals?

Select one:

a. autotrophic

b. heterotrophic

c. cell walls

d. absorb nutrients

Question 13

A error in DNA replication that goes unrepaired is a â¦

Select one:

a. chromosome

b. chromatid

c. mutation

d. none of the above

Question 14

Alternate forms of a gene are called ________.

Select one:

a. chromatids

b. chromosomes

c. ribosomal subunits

d. alleles

Question 15

The physical expression of a genotype is the phenotype.

Select one:

True

False

Question 16

In complete dominance, a heterozygous genotype results in â¦

Select one:

a. a recessive phenotype

b. a dominant phenotype

c. a third and unique phenotype

d. none of the above

Question 17

Which theory explains the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

Select one:

a. phagocytosis

b. endosymbiosis

c. pinocytosis

d. none of the above

Question 18

Which scientist experimented with plants to describe patterns of inheritance?

Select one:

a. Mendel

b. Chase

c. Einstein

d. Watson

Question 19

Which cellular organelle contains aerobic cellular respiration?

Select one:

a. chloroplasts

b. mitochondria

c. nucleus

d. lysosome

Question 20

Which of the following statements is false?

Select one:

a. Haploid gametes are formed by meiosis

b. Mitosis forms genetically identical daughter cells

c. Mitosis results in the formation of four daughter cells from a single parent cell

d. Mitosis forms diploid daughter cells from a diploid parent cell

Question 21

The first forms of life on Earth were ________.

Select one:

a. plants

b. microorganisms

c. birds

d. dinosaurs

Question 22

Which of the following is used to separate chromosomes during nuclear division?

Select one:

a. cytoskeleton

b. microtubules

c. actin and myosin

d. amoeboid movement

e. all of the above

Question 23

Which generation is most dominant in more primitive plants?

Select one:

a. bryophyte

b. sporophyte

c. gametophyte

d. androphyte

Question 24

Which of the following is characteristic of plants?

Select one:

a. autotrophic

b. contain chloroplasts

c. multicellular

d. all of the above

Question 25

During which phase of mitosis do chromosome line up along the middle of the cell?

Select one:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

Question 26

During which phase of mitosis does DNA condense into distinct chromosomes?

Select one:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

Question 27

The process by which DNA is used as a template to make new DNA is â¦

Select one:

a. translation

b. replication

c. transcription

d. allocation

Question 28

Which of the following is characteristic of plant but not animal cells?

Select one:

a. chloroplasts

b. water vacuole

c. cell wall

d. all of the above

Question 29

Which meiotic division is most like mitosis?

Select one:

a. Meiosis I

b. Meiosis II

c. Meiosis III

d. Meiosis IV

Question 30

Which enzyme catalyzes replication?

Select one:

a. DNA polymerase

b. RNA polymerase

c. Ribosome

d. all of the above

MCB 2000 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Anaerobic Respiration, Petri Dish

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