BIOL 102 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Eukaryote, Biosphere 2, Atomic Nucleus
What is biology?
● The scientific study of life
o Wide scale of size and organization
o Huge diversity of life both past and present
▪ Interfaces with other study areas
o Process of science
▪ What and when; how and why?
o Factual knowledge
o Conceptual understanding and context
What properties do living things share?
● Nonliving vs living vs dead
● Response to the environment
● Energy processing
● Organization
● Regulation
● Growth and development
● Reproduction
● Adaptation and evolution
What are the levels at which biology is studied?
● Biologists explore life at levels ranging from the biosphere to the molecules that make up cells
Biosphere
1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystems
3. Communities(relationships between species in certain area)
4. Populations (numbers and unit of evolution)
5. Organisms (individuals of a particular species)
6. Organ systems and organs
7. Tissues (there are 4 tissues and made of cells)
8. Cells ( basic units of cells)
9. Organelles(nucleus)
10. Molecules and atoms
What is an ecosystem?
● Each organism interacts continuously with its environment:
o Living with nonliving components
o All the living organisms in a specific area along with all of the nonliving factors with
which they interact, form an ecosystem
o Deserts, coral reef, tropical rain forest, aquarium, navel
The concept of ecosystem dynamics
● The dynamics of any ecosystem depend on two main processes:
o Recycling of chemical nutrients(ex. Vitamins)(plants need phosphate and carbon
dixioide) and
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o Flow of energy
● Within ecosystems
o Nutrients are recycled but
o Energy flows through
What is the cell theory?
● Schleiden and Schwann;1830s
● The cell: the level at which the properties of life emerge
● Cells represent the minimal level of structure that can perform all activities required for life
● All organisms are composed of cells
● Cells are the subunits that make up multicellular organism such as humans and trees
What properties are shared by all cells?
● All cells share many characteristics
o Enclosed by a membrane
▪ Regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings
▪ Cell membrane (regulates stuff coming in and going out)
▪ Plasma membrane
o Every cell uses DNA as its genetic info
Prokaryotic cells (bacterium)(10 times smaller)(before nucleus)
● Smaller
● Simpler structure
● DNA concentrated in nucleoid region which is not enclosed by membrane
● Lacks most organelles
● Single circular chromosome
Eukaryotic cell
● Larger
● More complex structure
● Nucleus enclosed by membrane
● Contains many types of organelles
Compare the features of the two major types of cells
● Two major types of cells:
o The prokaryotic cell is
▪ Simpler and smaller
▪ Bacteria and archaea
o The eukaryotic cell is
▪ Compartmented inot organelles
▪ Found in plants, animals, fungi
What is DNA? What is the genome?
● DNA is the chemical that makes up genes
o Units of inheritance
o Transmit info from parents to offspring
● The chemical language of DNA
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o Is common to all organism and
o Four molecular building blocks or bases
▪ A,G,C,T
● Geoe: the etire ook of geeti instructions that an organism inherits; consists of DNA
o The nucleus of each human cell packs a genome that is about 3 billion chemical letters
long
What is the function of DNA?
▪ Genes (DNA) code for protein
o Sequence of basessequence of amino acids(protein)
▪ Genetic code
o Translate DNA to proteins
o Common to all organisms
o Universal genetic language
▪ Proteins have 7 functions
How do we categorize the diversity of life?
● Taxonomy
● Identification and naming
● Classification
o Grouping according to common features
o Hierarchical and nested groupings of organisms
o Reflects evolutionary history
● What is a species?
o Smallest unit of classification
o Group of organism; live in the same place
o Interbreed; produce healthy offspring
Three domains of life (largest unit of classification)
● Prokaryotes
o Domain bacteria
o Domain archaea
● Eurkaryotes(domain eurkarotes)
o Planatae (3 kingdoms)
o Fungi (3 kingdoms)
o Animalia (3 kingdoms)
o Protists (all other eukaryotes)
● Major themes in biology
o Evolution
o Structure/function
o Information flow
o Energy transformations
o Interconnections within systems
● Red blood cells have a dip because it has oxygen and increases surface area
Unity in the diversity of life
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Document Summary
The scientific study of life: wide scale of size and organization, huge diversity of life both past and present. Interfaces with other study areas: process of science, what and when; how and why, factual knowledge, conceptual understanding and context. Biologists explore life at levels ranging from the biosphere to the molecules that make up cells. The dynamics of any ecosystem depend on two main processes: recycling of chemical nutrients(ex. Vitamins)(plants need phosphate and carbon dixioide) and: flow of energy. Within ecosystems: nutrients are recycled but, energy flows through. The cell: the level at which the properties of life emerge. Cells represent the minimal level of structure that can perform all activities required for life. Cells are the subunits that make up multicellular organism such as humans and trees. Dna concentrated in nucleoid region which is not enclosed by membrane. Compare the features of the two major types of cells. Two major types of cells: the prokaryotic cell is.
