LING 001 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Word Formation, Warlpiri Language, Vowel
LING 001
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Lecture 2/19
Rule formation:
- X > Y / Z _
- We try to describe phenomena using as few rules as we can
- Find similarities in features and make a generalized rule out of it
- There will be rules that involve
- 0 with slash = nothing
- # = word boundary (word initial # _, or word final _#)
Rule ordering:
- “or example with wishes → you need to apply (1) vowel insertion
and then (2) devoicing, instead of in the opposite order so that
it becomes an actual word
- Go over this again
Phonetic classes
- Rules generally operate at level of some broader phonetic class
- Phonetic classes = sounds that share some general property
- Ex. vowels vs consonants
- Non-continuants (stops and affricates) vs continuants
- Obstruents (non nasal stops, affricates, fricatives) vs sonorants
(everything else)
- Sibilants: fricatives and affricates involving the tongue and the upper
teeth and palatoalveolar region
- [z] : tabs, rods, dogs, caves
- After voiced sounds
- [s]: caps, hats, rocks, reefs, births
- After voiceless sounds
- [iz] kisses, gazes, churches, judges, wishes
- After sibilants
- Analysis:
- Start with /z/ (the default form)
- Insert [I] following a sibilant
- Devoice following a voiceless sound
Generality of phonological rules:
- Phonological rules that apply to /z/ plural apply to other /z/ morphemes too
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
- 3sg -s :
- [z]: gabs, plods, fogs
- [s]: caps, pats
Beyond segments:
- Segments:
- Phonemes (units in phonology) → slashes
- Phones (units in phonetics) → brackets
- Morphology: morphemes
- When put together in the right way, phonemes → syllables →
morphemes
- When morphemes are put together in the right way, they form words
- Syllables are a level of structure above the segment (suprasegmental):
- Pitch
- Length
- loudness
Syllable structure:
- Onsets and codas:
- Consonants before nucleus = onset
- After nucleus = coda
- Rime and nucleus are the only obligatory parts of the syllable
- Position sensitive rules:
- Some rules apply only to certain positions (ex. German final devoicing)
Pitch:
- Pitch = frequency of the sound wave
- Tone languages: pitch contrastive with respect to word meaning
Intonation:
- ”ariation in pitch over an utterance thats not related to word meaning
- But it DOES convey meaning (change emphasis on the word = change sentence)
Length:
- Vowels vary in length in all languages, but the variation not always contrastive
- Consonants can also be long or short (Finnish)
- English: although vowel phonemes can differ with respect to length, this is a
secondary feature (doesnt really have variation in length)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
We try to describe phenomena using as few rules as we can. Find similarities in features and make a generalized rule out of it. # = word boundary (word initial # _, or word final _#) Or example with wishes you need to apply (1) vowel insertion and then (2) devoicing, instead of in the opposite order so that it becomes an actual word. Rules generally operate at level of some broader phonetic class. Phonetic classes = sounds that share some general property. Obstruents (non nasal stops, affricates, fricatives) vs sonorants (everything else) Sibilants: fricatives and affricates involving the tongue and the upper teeth and palatoalveolar region. Phonological rules that apply to /z/ plural apply to other /z/ morphemes too. When put together in the right way, phonemes syllables morphemes. When morphemes are put together in the right way, they form words. Syllables are a level of structure above the segment (suprasegmental):
