PHIS 206 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Extracellular Fluid, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Fluid Compartments
2 May 2018
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LECTURE 1
1. What is:
a. Physiology? Study of function/study of things being alive
b. Biology? Study of living things/study of life
2. Complexity rises as…cells interact and function with nearby (and distant) cells
3. What are the levels of complexity? Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Body (organ)
System, Organism
4. What are tissues? Groups of different types of cells performing specialized tasks
5. What are the four tissue types? Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective
6. Name the 11 systems in your body: circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary,
skeletal, muscular, integumentary, immune, nervous, endocrine, reproductive
7. What is ICF and ECF? Intracellular fluid (contained within cells), Extracellular Fluid
(fluid outside of cells)
8. Name and describe the fluid that has two components. Describe the two components.
ECF: Interstitial Fluid (ISF) → bathes cells directly, Plasma → circulates fuel and
wastes to restore composition of ISF
9. What is homeostasis? The maintenance of the chemical composition and physical
state of the ECF (extracellular fluid)
10. To maintain homeostasis, the system must: 1. Detect problem and transmit info
(sensor), 2. Make sense of info and combine with other data (integrator), 3. Make
adjustments (via an effector) that restores original conditions (compensatory
response)
11. What is negative feedback? When something is stopped after a restoration of
conditions. It is inherently stable.
12. What is the difference between positive and negative feedback? Positive feedback
makes something go, turns something on; negative feedback turns something off,
makes something stop
LECTURE 2
1. What are the principles of the cell theory?
-The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit capable of carrying out life
processes
-The functional activities of each cell depend on the specific structural properties
of the cell
-Cells are the living building blocks of all multicellular organisms
-An organism’s structure and function ultimately depend on the collective
structural characteristics and functional capabilities of its cells
-All new cells and new life arise only from preexisting cells
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-Because of this continuity of life, the cells of all organisms are fundamentally
similar in structure and function
2. What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum? The rough ER makes proteins
(DNA → RNA → Protein) (the ribosomes are what make it rough), the smooth ER
makes carbs and lipids
3. What is the golgi complex? It interprets the destination code and then packages
proteins into vesicles. It looks like the smooth ER.
4. What is exocytosis? The process of getting something to leave the cell, proteins are
secreted via exocytosis (a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are
released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell
membrane)
5. What are SNAREs? v-SNAREs? t-SNARE? Lock and key proteins. A v-SNARE is the
vesicular membrane (or associated with it) and t-SNARE is target membrane (or
associated with it)
6. What is pinocytosis? The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small
vesicles from the cell membrane. (like cell drinking something)
7. What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? Substances attach to membrane receptors,
membrane pockets inward, and pocket pinches off as endocytic vesicle
containing target molecule. Basically involves receptors and getting target
molecules into the cell.
8. What is phagocytosis? Like cell eating something
9. What are lysosomes and peroxisomes? They are both vesicles used for waste
disposal. They detoxify cells of poison and destroy debris. Lysosome does it
through enzymes while peroxisome does it through hydrogen peroxide (40%).
10. Explain the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Misfolded proteins are tagged with
ubiquitin which basically labels it as a flawed protein that needs to be destroyed.
The proteasome is about the size of a ribosomal subunit and it has multiple
protein-digesting enzymes that break down ubiquitin tagged proteins into
recyclable building blocks.
11. What does the cristae do in the mitochondria? The cristae increases surface area and
it also converts a lot of food energy into a usable form.
12. What is weird/important about the mitochondria? There is a theory that the
mitochondria used to be its own bacteria but was taken in by animal cells to make
energy for them (Endosymbiotic theory). Most of your mitochondria also comes
from your mom. The mitochondria is also a key player in apoptosis which is
programmed cell death. Everything in the cell gets nearly 100% recycled because
of the mitochondria.
13. What is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate. It is energy. It is generated by processes
that occur in both cytosolic and mitochondrial spaces.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Intracellular fluid (contained within cells), extracellular fluid (fluid outside of cells: name and describe the fluid that has two components. The maintenance of the chemical composition and physical state of the ecf (extracellular fluid: to maintain homeostasis, the system must: 1. Make sense of info and combine with other data (integrator), 3. When something is stopped after a restoration of conditions. The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit capable of carrying out life processes. The functional activities of each cell depend on the specific structural properties of the cell. Cells are the living building blocks of all multicellular organisms. An organism"s structure and function ultimately depend on the collective structural characteristics and functional capabilities of its cells. All new cells and new life arise only from preexisting cells. It interprets the destination code and then packages proteins into vesicles. Substances attach to membrane receptors, membrane pockets inward, and pocket pinches off as endocytic vesicle containing target molecule.
