Biology And Biomedical Sciences BIOL 2960 Final: bio final studyguide (1) (1)
14 Aug 2018
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exam 1 study guide
lactose intolerance
• at birth you have lactase (which breaks down lactose into glucose and
galactose)
• as you age, you lose the ability to synthesize lactase and therefore cannot
break down or utilize lactose
• so lactose stays intact and travels through your digestive tract
o when it gets to your guts, there is another lactose hydrolyzing
enzyme (beta galactosidase)
• bacteria in guts using lactose cause acid buildup→ causes gas and
discomfort
cellulosic ethanol
• starch and cellulose are polysaccharides which hydrolyze to glucose
• ethanol production
o starch: easy because many enzymes hydrolyze it
o cellulose: find cellulose hydrolyzing enzymes in gut tissue and
microorganisms that eat wood/grass (cows, termites, sheep)
▪ mass produce the enzymes and use them to hydrolyze
cellulose in corn stover
▪ use sugars to ferment production of ethanol
hair perms
• protein is an alpha keratin
• a reducing agent can break the –S-S- bonds which makes hair more
flexible
• oxidation reforms the –S-S- bonds in a different shape of alpha keratin
scurvy
• vitamin C deficiency
o vitC converts proline into hydroxyproline
o proline is an alpha helix breaker
o hydroxyproline stabilizes collagen
• without vitamin C, you don’t have hydroxyproline so collagen is not
stable→ lesions, gum bleeding, fragile blood vessels
sickle cell anemia
• hemoglobin has 4 subunits (2 alpha, 2 beta)
• one amino acid on one of the beta subunits is abnormal
o changes the shape of the protein to sickle cell shape
• the sickle cell shape blocks blood vessels and thus oxygen cannot get to
the heart
• result: tissue damage and organ failure
prion related diseases
• ex. Alzheimer’s/ scabies/ mad cow
• two sequences with identical amino acid sequences but different shapes
• normal= PrPc
• abnormal= PrPsc
o insoluble and piles up
• abnormal causes normal shape to become abnormal
• Alzheimer’s: blocks synthesis of beta amaloyd→ causes buildup in brain
diseases caused by misfolded proteins
PKU
• genetic disease caused by a deficiency in hepatic enxyme phenalanine
hydroxylase (PAH) which metabolizes the amino acid phenylalanine to
tyrosine
o when it is deficient, phenylalanine accumulates
o since melanin is made form tyrosine, people with PKU typically
have light hair and light skin
• cause issues in brain development, brain damage, mental retardation,
seizures
tay sachs disease
• lysosomal storage disease
• lipid ganglioside is not broken down in lysosomes→ accumulates in brain
cells
• blind, deaf, unable to swallow→ die at young age
size (exclusion) fractionation chromatography
• porous insoluble beads in a glass column
• small molecules get stuck and large molecules go through faster
ion exchange chromatography
• column with charged beads
o proteins of the same charge will flow through to bottom, proteins of
opposite charge will attract and bind to beads
o pour salt solution over to release attached proteins (ions will
compete with proteins to bind to beads and release already bound
beads)
affinity chromatography
• beads are covalently bonded to specific molecules that the protein we are
trying to purify has a high affinity for
• some proteins will bind (if high affinity), and others will go to bottom
o add glucose (or other molecule it binds to) to release proteins
isoelectric focusing
• separate proteins according to charge
• Pi= pH at which charge is zero
• proteins move toward Pi
o when pH=Pi, proteins stop moving
gel electrophoresis
• separate according to size
• small proteins go to bottom because they can move faster
• SDS gets rid of charge→ gives all protein an equally negative charge
• hook up to electric current with + at bottom→ small particles go to
bottom faster
action of aspirin
• arachadonic acid: fatty acid generated by hydrolysis of membrane lipids
• prostaglandin H2 syhthase I: turns arachadonic acid into prostaglandin H2
through hydrophobic channel
o this promotes inflammation and gastric acid secretion
• aspirin blocks channel
o donates an acetyl group to serine residue in path to active site
o thus, there cannot be an inflammatory response
cystic fibrosis
• caused by mutation in CFTR (atp binding cassette transporter)
o cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR)
• cause: decrease of fluid and salt secretion in CFTR
o result: cystic fibrosis
o consequence: pancreatic secretions are blocked and heavy,
dehydrated mucus accumulates in lungs→ chronic lung infection
structures
phosphate
• PO4^2-
O
Document Summary
Alzheimer"s/ scabies/ mad cow: normal= prpc, abnormal= prpsc insoluble and piles up, abnormal causes normal shape to become abnormal, alzheimer"s: blocks synthesis of beta amaloyd causes buildup in brain diseases caused by misfolded proteins. O- functional groups glyceraldehyde (simplest sugar) basic structure of an amino acid glucose peptide linkage. Opens ion channels when bind to them: protein kinases. C pkc phosphorylates enzymes and other responses inside the cell lithium ions block this pathway used to treat bipolar disorder excessive. Nad+: glycolysis makes glucose into pyruvate and produces atp reduces nad+ to nadh soon it will all be made into nadh so you need to re-oxidize. Generate c4 in one cell than transport it into cell 2 to make. Co2 from calvin cycle conc of co2 in second cell is much higher than normal so that rubisco can perform its function cell 1: dark; cell 2: light: cam same as c4 but with day/night difference.
