BIOL10004 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Endoplasmic Reticulum, Protoplasm, Cell Membrane

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jadebutterfly872

29 Jun 2018

School

University of Melbourne

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL10004

Professor

All

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Essential Reading: Eukaryotic VS Prokaryotic cells ( Chapter

4: 82–85)

The cellular basis of life

All cells enclosed in plasma membrane

Contains a semifluid matrix 'cytosol'

Evolution has increased complexity of cells greatly

First cells evolved were bacteria - simple structure and lack internal compartments

Bacteria are 'prokaryotic cells' - double helical strand of DNA lies free within the cell in area

called nucleoid

More complex cells arose from bacterial ancestors are 'eukaryotic cells'

Eukaryotic cells have DNA enclosed within membrane-bound compartment, 'Nucleus'

Eukaryotes include algae, fungi, plants and animals

Singled-celled organisms such as diatoms and amoebae to large and complex multicellular

plants and animals

Cells within body of multicellular organism, able to communicate and cooperate with one

another

Over short and long distance

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are smaller

Simple structure

Semi-rigid cell wall

Surrounds plasma membrane

Cytosol contains circular DNA inside plasma membrane

DNA found in area called nucleoid and few hundred to thousand ribosomes, site of protein

synthesis

Prokaryotic ribosomes are 15nm and smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes

Cytosol and ribosomes constitute the cytoplasm of cells

DNA serves as template for mRNA synthesis

Ribosomes bind to mRNA molecules

Use sequence of nucleotides as code for protein synthesis

Bacterial ribosomes can attach directly to mRNA molecules because prokaryotic DNA is not

segregated into a nucleus

Cytoplasm has no membrane-bound organelles (cyanobacteria, cytoplasmic membranes

contain light-trapping pigments)

Cells lack cytoskeletal structures (microfilaments and microtubules)

Some bacteria have flagella, whip-like appendage - propels cell

Made of proteinaceous fibers

Composed of flagellin, stiff coiled filament

Flagellum projects from motor-like structure in bacterial membrane

Eukaryotic Cells

Enormous variety of eukaryotes

Structure of their cells are fundamentally same

Possession of internally, membrane-bounded 'organelles'

Most important - 'nucleus'

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Document Summary

Evolution has increased complexity of cells greatly. First cells evolved were bacteria - simple structure and lack internal compartments. Bacteria are "prokaryotic cells" - double helical strand of dna lies free within the cell in area called nucleoid. More complex cells arose from bacterial ancestors are "eukaryotic cells" Eukaryotic cells have dna enclosed within membrane-bound compartment, "nucleus" Eukaryotes include algae, fungi, plants and animals. Singled-celled organisms such as diatoms and amoebae to large and complex multicellular plants and animals. Cells within body of multicellular organism, able to communicate and cooperate with one another. Cytosol contains circular dna inside plasma membrane. Dna found in area called nucleoid and few hundred to thousand ribosomes, site of protein synthesis. Prokaryotic ribosomes are 15nm and smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes. Cytosol and ribosomes constitute the cytoplasm of cells. Dna serves as template for mrna synthesis. Use sequence of nucleotides as code for protein synthesis.

Related Questions

Please answer the following three essay questions.

All living cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have thefollowing cell structures: plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, andat least one chromosome. Choose any one of these. Describe itsbasic structure (including molecular composition) as well as thefunction. Explain why a cell could not exist without thefunction(s) performed by this cell structure.
Cells can be categorized as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.Only bacterial cells are prokaryotic. For question two, answer anyone of the following comparison questions. Be sure to compare bothmolecular (physical) structure and function in each answer.
1. Compare the nucleoid area (prokaryotic) to a nucleus(eukaryotic)? How do they differ; how are they similar?
2. Compare the bacterial flagellum (prokaryotic) to an animal cellflagellum (eukaryotic)? How do they differ; how are theysimilar?
3. Compare a bacterial cell wall (prokaryotic) to a plant cellwall (eukaryotic)? How do they differ; how are they similar?
Eukaryotic cells (in plants, animals, fungi, and algae) arebigger than prokaryotic (bacterial) cells. This bigger size allowseukaryotic cells to have more structural complexity.

Choose any one of the following eukaryotic cell structures for ashort essay:

Mitochondrion
Cytoskeleton
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosome
Chloroplast (found only in photosynthetic cells)

In your answer, describe its basic structure (includingmolecular composition) as well as the function. Why is the functionimportant to keeping the cell alive?
Provide references in APA format. This includes a reference listand in-text citations for references used throughout theassignment.

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BIOL10004 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Endoplasmic Reticulum, Protoplasm, Cell Membrane

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