BIOL10004 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6: Citric Acid, Glyoxylic Acid, Succinyl-Coa

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jadebutterfly872

29 Jun 2018

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University of Melbourne

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL10004

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All

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Harvesting Chemical Energy - Respiration

Harvesting Chemical Energy

Energy metabolism common to both autotrophs and heterotrophs

Conversion of chemical energy of fuel to useable energy as ATP (adenosine Triphosphate)

oBoth organisms use ATP to drive cellular functions

oPhotosynthetic plants have capacity to release energy from high-energy molecules

ATP made through metabolism of energy-rich molecules

oCarbohydrates

oFats

Energy released along metabolic pathways that are initially different for carbohydrates and

lipids

oCarbohydrates converted to glucose via Glycolysis

oLipids converted by β-Oxidation

Products of both reactions are substrates for Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration = removal of electrons from:

oC-C bonds

oC-H bonds

Electrons extracted are accepted by co-enzyme NAD+ and FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide)

oThen passed down electron transport chains

oReaches final electron acceptor

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oDrives proton pumps that coupled to synthesis of ATP

1. Glucose metabolised by glycolysis in cytosol of cell (net = 2 ATP)

2. 3-carbon pyruvate enters different pathway

3. Absence of oxygen, pyruvate converted to lactate or ethanol

4. Presence of oxygen, energy in pyruvate converted in mitochondrion to form 34-36

ATP

5. Energy extraction pathway is citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

6. Electrons transferred to coenzyme NAD+ and FAD

7. Then used to drive proton pumps on inner membrane of mitochondria (ATP

synthesis)

Lipids first metabolised by β-oxidation, product Acetyl CoA being oxidised by same pathway

as pyruvate from glycolysis

Glycolysis : the initial processing of glucose

Polysaccharides (starch + glycogen)

oBroken down by catalysed hydrolysis into glucose

oEnters energy releasing pathways

In all cells (prokaryotic + eukaryotic) glucose processed in cytosol by glycolysis

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Glycolysis involves 2 stages

oOne that consumes energy

oOne that releases energy

More energy is released than consumed and glycolysis is net producer of energy

Stage one

oTwo ATP molecules used to phosphorylate and change glucose

oPreparation for splitting into 2 3-carbon molecules (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

Stage two

oOxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate

oATP synthesis; four ATP molecules produced

oGiving net energy profit of 2 ATP molecules

o4 electrons and 2 hydrogen atoms transferred to two molecules of NAD+

oProduces two molecules of NADH

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Document Summary

Energy metabolism common to both autotrophs and heterotrophs. Conversion of chemical energy of fuel to useable energy as atp (adenosine triphosphate) o o. Both organisms use atp to drive cellular functions. Photosynthetic plants have capacity to release energy from high-energy molecules. Atp made through metabolism of energy-rich molecules o o. Energy released along metabolic pathways that are initially different for carbohydrates and lipids o o. Products of both reactions are substrates for cellular respiration. Cellular respiration = removal of electrons from: o o. Electrons extracted are accepted by co-enzyme nad+ and fad (flavin adenine dinucleotide) o o. Reaches final electron acceptor: drives proton pumps that coupled to synthesis of atp. Glucose metabolised by glycolysis in cytosol of cell (net = 2 atp) Absence of oxygen, pyruvate converted to lactate or ethanol. Presence of oxygen, energy in pyruvate converted in mitochondrion to form 34-36. Lipids first metabolised by -oxidation, product acetyl coa being oxidised by same pathway as pyruvate from glycolysis.

Related Questions

The complete set of reactions carried out by an organism is called:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 2

The breakdown of starch is broken down to glucose is an example of:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 3

For the following statement, determine which description best describes the process: DNA is synthesized from free nucleotides.

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 4

Fill in the blank: Catabolic reactions result in the synthesis of molecules of .............via cellular respiration. This is then used to power anabolic reactions.

Value: 5

The energy in organic molecules is released in a series of steps because:

a. it is not possible to release it in a single step.

b. more total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step

c. less total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step.

d. more energy can be harvested for cellular use in multiple steps than from a single step.

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photosynthesis

1-The light reaction of photosynthesis does not include

a. chemiosmosis

b. oxygen liberation

c. glucose synthesis

d. electron transport

Value: 2

Photosynthesis takes place in the membranes of small sacs called

a. thylakoids

b. photosystems

c. stroma

d. photons

Value: 3

During what stage of photosynthesis is O2 produced?

a. the light-dependent reactions involving photosystems I and II

b. carbon fixation

c. the Krebs cycle

d. O2 is not produced during photosynthesis

Value: 4

The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the

a. mitochondria

b. cytoplasm of the cell

c. stroma of the chloroplast

d. thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Value: 5

During what stage of photosynthesis are ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?

a. the light-dependent reactions

b. the light-independent reactions

c. both of the above

d. none of the above

Value: 6

What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?

a. ATP

b. NADPH

c. glucose

d. H2O

Value: 7

During photosynthesis, photons raise electrons to higher energy levels. These excited electrons belong to what compound?

a. water

b. ATP

c. chlorophyll

d. electron transport chain

Value: 8

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

a. photosynthesis occurs only in autotrophs; cellular respiration occurs only in heterotrophs

b. photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics; respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ATP

c. photosynthesis involves the oxidation of glucose; respiration involves the reduction of CO2

d. the primary function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to synthesize ATP; the primary function of cellular respiration is to break down ATP and release energy

1. Plants need which of the following to carry on photosynthesis?

a. H2O

b. CO2

c. O2

d. both O2 and CO2

e. both H2O and CO2

2. Organisms that derive their chemical energy either from the process of chemosynthesis or photosynthesis are classified as

a. autotrophs.

b. parasites.

c. heterotrophs.

d. saprophytes.

e. mutualists.

3. The carbon source for organisms that derive their energy from photosynthesis is

a. carbon monoxide.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. hydrocarbons.

d. methane.

e. glucose.

4. The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from

a. carbon dioxide.

b. glucose.

c. ribulose bisphosphate.

d. water.

5. When chlorophyll a molecules absorb energy, the molecules

a. release electrons.

b. release X-rays.

c. release energy.

d. release electrons and X-rays.

e. release electrons and energy.

6. The flow of what particle across the thylakoid membrane powers the production of ATP?

a. electrons

b. hydrogen ions

c. oxygen

d. carbon dioxide

e. phosphate ions 2

7. The light-independent reactions were discovered by

a. M. D. Hatch.

b. Andrew Benson.

c. Melvin Calvin.

d. Robert Hill.

e. both Andrew Benson and Melvin Calvin.

8. For each six atoms of carbon dioxide fixed in the light-independent reactions, how many molecules of PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) are produced?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 6

d. 12

e. 15

Chapter 7

9. The ultimate source of energy for living things is

a. the Krebs cycle.

b. fossil fuels.

c. the sun.

d. glycolysis.

e. aerobic respiration.

10. When molecules are broken apart in respiration

a. the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions.

b. the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source.

c. the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP.

d. ATP is converted into ADP.

e. ADP is released as a waste product.

11. ATP

a. can be produced by photosynthesis.

b. is produced in the degradation of organic compounds such as glucose.

c. is generated in anaerobic respiration.

d. is released in aerobic respiration.

e. all of these

12. Which part of the energy-releasing pathway can convert all carbon that enters to carbon dioxide?

a. fermentation

b. glycolysis

c. Krebs cycle

d. electron transport

e. phosphorylation

13. Which liberates the most energy in the form of ATP?

a. aerobic respiration

b. anaerobic respiration

c. alcoholic fermentation

d. lactate fermentation

e. All liberate the same amount, but through different means.

14. Aerobes use ________ as the final electron acceptor in electron transport phosphorylation.

a. hydrogen

b. carbon

c. oxygen

d. H2O 3

15. Glycolysis depends on a continuous supply of

a. NADP.

b. pyruvate.

c. NAD+.

d. NADH.

e. H2O.

16. Glycolysis

a. occurs in the mitochondria.

b. results in the production of pyruvate.

c. occurs in the cytoplasm.

d. occurs in the mitochondria and results in the production of pyruvate.

e. results in the production of pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm.

17. The end product(s) of glycolysis is(are)

a. acetyl CoA.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. pyruvate.

d. glucose.

e. glucose and carbon dioxide.

18. Which is capable of being reduced during both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

a. NAD+

b. FAD+

c. ADP

d. NADH

e. NADP+

19. The Krebs cycle takes place in the

a. ribosomes.

b. cytoplasm.

c. nucleus.

d. mitochondria.

e. chloroplasts.

20. The breakdown of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle results in the release of

a. energy.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. oxygen.

d. energy and oxygen.

e. energy and carbon dioxide.

ochremole959

Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?

	A.	Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts.
	B.	Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.
	C.	Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts.

Question 2

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?

	A.	They produce glucose
	B.	The energy is coupled to oxygen
	C.	They produce ATP

Question 3

During redox reactions

	A.	the loss of electrons from one molecule is called reduction
	B.	electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance
	C.	protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule

Question 4

Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.

	A.	gain of oxygen; loss of oxygen
	B.	loss of electrons; gain of electrons
	C.	gain of protons; loss of protons

Question 5

During cellular respiration, NADH

	A.	delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule.
	B.	is chemically converted into ATP
	C.	is the final electron acceptor

Question 6

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit

	A.	the citric acid cycle only.
	B.	glycolysis only
	C.	the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 7

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

	A.	glycolysis
	B.	the citric acid cycle
	C.	electron transport chain

Question 8

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis?

	A.	production of CO2
	B.	a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule
	C.	conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds

BIOL10004 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6: Citric Acid, Glyoxylic Acid, Succinyl-Coa

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