PSY2071 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5-7: Animism, Developmental Psychology, Internal Standard
5 Jun 2018
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PSY2071 –Readings – Week 3
• childhood development takes longer due to
•
o ability to build on each generation’s intellectual advances
o mind reading
o slow growing frontal lobes
o
▪ cerebral cortex takes more than two full decades to mature
• early childhood - the first phase of childhood lasting from age 3 through
to kindergarten or about age 5
• middle childhood - the second phase of childhood, covering the
elementary school years, from about age 6 to 11
• frontal lobes - the area at the uppermost front of the brain, responsible
for reasoning and planning our actions
• physical development
•
o mass to specific skills
o cephalocadal principie
o type types of motor skills
o
▪ gross motor skills
▪
▪ physical abilities that involve large muscle
movements such as running and jumping
▪ boys better
▪ fine motor skills
▪
▪ physical abilities that involve small, coordinated
movements, such as drawing and writing one’s name
▪ girls better
o threats to growth and motor skills
o
▪ lack of food - undernutrition
• childhood obesity
•
o body mass index BMI
o
▪ the ratio of weight to height; the main indicator of
overweight or underweight
▪
• cognitive development
•
o page’s preoperational stages
o
▪ pre operational thinking
▪
▪ the type of cognition character of children aged 2 to
7, marked by an inability to step back from one’s
immediate perceptions and think conceptually
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▪ defined by what children are missing
▪ concrete operational thinking
▪
▪ defined by what children posses - the ability to
reason in a more logical adult way
▪ the type of cognition characteristic of children aged
8 to 11 marked by the ability to treason about the
world in a more logical adult way
▪ pre operational stage
▪
▪ taking the world at face value
▪ conservation tasks
▪
▪ piagetian tasks that involve changing the
shape of s substance to see whether children
can go beyond the way that substance
visually appears to understand that the
amount is still the same
▪ conservation
▪
▪ refers to our knowledge that the
amount of a given substance remains
identical despite changes in its shape
and form
▪ why can’t young children conserve?
▪
▪ reversibility
▪
▪ in page’s conservation tasks, the
concrete operational child’s
knowledge that a specific change in
the way a substance looks can be
revered
▪ children do not grasp this
▪ a procedure can be repeated in the
opposite direction
▪ centering
▪
▪ the pre operational child’s tendency to
fix on the most visually striking
feature of a substance and not take
other dimensions into account
▪ when children reach concrete
operations they decenter - can step
back from the immediate appearance
of a substance and scan the whole
picture
▪
▪ decentering
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▪
▪ in paige’s conservation
tasks, the concrete
operational child’s
ability to look at several
dimensions of an object
or substance
▪ impairs class inclusion
▪
▪ understanding that a genre
category can encompass
several subordinate elements
▪ interferes with seriation
▪
▪ the child’s capacity to put
objects in order according to
some principle such as size
o peculiar perceptions about people
o
▪ young children lack a concept called identity constancy
▪
▪ in page’s theory, the pre operational child’s inability
to grasp that a person’s core self stays the same
despite changes in external appearance
▪ animism
▪
▪ refers to the difficulty young children have in sorting
out what is really alive
▪ the pre operational child’s belief that inanimate
objects are alive
▪ artificialism
▪
▪ young children believe that everything in nature was
made by human beings
▪ the preoperational child’s belief that inanimate
objects are alive
▪ both demonstrate page’s concept of assimilation - the child
knows they are alive and applies the alive schema to every
object
▪ world view is characterised by egocentrism
▪
▪ the pre operational child’s inability to understand
that other people have different points of view from
their own
o the concrete operational stage
o
▪ by age 8
▪ figure out conservation
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find more resources at oneclass.com
