7124 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Motivation, Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning
21 Jun 2018
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Chapter 5
Extrinsic Motivation
- Quasi-needs
oSituationally induced wants and desires that are not full blown needs in the same
sense as physiological, psychological and implicit needs.
oResemble true needs in some way by affecting how we think, feel and act
Ie need for money, secure job, career plan for uni students
oDay to day circumstances such as shopping etc create the quasi needs in us and
constantly remind us of our quasi needs
oOften carry a sense of urgency – can dominate consciousness and overwhelm and
displace other needs
oQuasi-need: ephemeral, situationally induced desire that creates a tense energy to
engage rather immediately and impulsively in that specific behaviour that is capable
of reducing the situationally induced built-up tension
oOriginate from situational demands and pressures
When demand satisfied: demand goes away
Deficiency orientated
Ie “need” a haircut, good grades, money
Some can occur on a chronic basis: ie need for money, back pain to go away
If it disappears – it’s a sign that it is a quasi need not a full blown need
Not needed for growth, well being and life
- Extrinsic motivation
oArise from sme consequence that is separate from the activity itself
oWant to avoid unattractive consequences – so the presence of
incentives/consequences creates a sense of wanting to engage in the right
behaviours
oIt’s a “whats in it for me” type of motivation
- Incentives, consequences and rewards
oOperant conditioning: learning how to operate effectively in the environment:
engaging in behaviours that produce good consequences and avoiding bad
consequences
oBaldwin and baldwin
S: R -> C
Situational cue (incentive), behavioural response and consequence
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
: - sets the occasion for but not cause the behavioural response
-> causes a consequence to happen
S:R explains motivational significance of incentives
R->C: explains the motivational significance of consequences
oIncentives
Environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from
initiating a particular course of action
Precede behaviour
Create expectation that attractive/unattractive consequences are coming
Incentive value learnt through experience
Ie car honk: fear IF associated with fear in the past
Consequences follow behaviour and inc or dec persistence of behaviour
oReinforcers
Any environmental object or event that inc behaviour
Ie smile, paycheck
Theoretical point of view: needs to be defined in a way that it is
independent from its effects of behaviour
Because otherwise the cause can become circular
Cant know what it is before using it
Must know ahead of time if it will work
Why reinforcers increase behaviour
Decreases drive: food reinforces behaviours because if satiates
hunger
Decreases arousal: drug = calming effect; dec anxiety
Increases arousal: rock concert = excites
It is attractive to the person: money is valued
It feels good
Makes it possible to do something fun
oManaging behaviour by offering reinforcers
Hall et al 1972
Kid wearing orthodontic device = wearing is desired behaviour
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Quasi-needs: situationally induced wants and desires that are not full blown needs in the same sense as physiological, psychological and implicit needs, resemble true needs in some way by affecting how we think, feel and act. Some can occur on a chronic basis: ie need for money, back pain to go away. If it disappears it"s a sign that it is a quasi need not a full blown need. Not needed for growth, well being and life. Incentives, consequences and rewards: operant conditioning: learning how to operate effectively in the environment: engaging in behaviours that produce good consequences and avoiding bad consequences, baldwin and baldwin. : - sets the occasion for but not cause the behavioural response. R->c: explains the motivational significance of consequences: incentives. Environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from initiating a particular course of action. Ie car honk: fear if associated with fear in the past.
