PSYC 381 Chapter Notes - Chapter 11: Kurt Lewin, Proactivity, Baby Talk

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14 Jun 2018
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Describe the concept of person-environment interactions and the role of Kurt Lewin.
Describe the competence and environmental press model. Be sure to include a
discussion of adaptation level and the different zones of performance. How do people
respond to changes in press or competence according to Lawton? (pp. 128-131)
-Person-environment interactions means behaviour (B) is a function of both the
person (P) and the environment.
-Theories of person-environment interactions help us understand how people
view their environments and how these views may change people as they age.
-The competence and environmental press model focuses on the relation
between the person and the environment.
-Adaptation level is the area where press level is average for a particular level of
competence.
-Slight increased in press tend to improve performance; this is called zone of
maximum performance potential.
-Slight decreases in the press create the zone of maximum comfort
People respond to changes in two basic ways.
1. Proactivity: when people choose new behaviours to meet new desires or
needs. Exert control over their lives.
○ More likely to occur in people with relatively high competence
2. Docility: when people allow the situation to dictate the options they have, and
have little control.
○ More likely to occur in people with relatively low competence.
1.
What is the Preventative and Corrective Proactivity Model? What types of
adaptations are reflected in the model? How does the stress and coping
framework apply to the interaction of older adults with their environment? What
is everyday competence? Briefly describe Willis's model of everyday competence.
(pp. 131-134)
-The PCP model explains how life stressors and lack of good congruence in
person-environment interactions result in poor life outcomes.
-Two types of proactive adaptations are reflected in this model.
1. Preventive adaptations: are actions that avoid stressors and increase or build
social resources.
2. Corrective adaptations: are actions taken in response to stressors.
-When situations are seen as harmful they respond with coping mechanisms.
-Everyday competence is a persons potential ability to perform a wide range of
activities considered essential for independent living.
-Willis's model proposes the primary outcomes of everyday competence are
psychological and physical well being.
-He believes future competence is related to current competence.
2.
What is ‘aging in place’? What are the key decision points when deciding on the best
environment? Describe the home modifications that can be done. What is the major
barrier to effective home modifications? (pp. 134-137)
-Aging in place reflects a balancing of environmental press and competence
through selection and compensation.
-Key decision points in housing environment:
1. It must be determined in the individual has significant cognitive or physical
impairment requiring intervention or support.
2. An assessment of the ability of family members or friends to provide support
or care must be made.
3. Whether there is an option for providing that intervention in the current home
situation or if other options need to be pursued.
-Home modifications include changing the environment to create a new optimal
balance
-The cost of modifications is a major barrier
-Auxiliary dwelling units (ADU) are very popular for home modifications.
3.
Describe adult day care and the options it provides. What are the major issues in
deciding to use adult day care? What is congregate housing, and how does it
differ from assisted living? What is assisted living, and what are its primary
attributes? (pp. 137-141)
-Adult day care is designed to provide support, companionship and certain
services during the day.
-It is for adults who need more support than is possible with just home
modification, but still do not need assistance on a full time basis.
-Affordability is a major issue.
-Congregate housing includes a range of living options from those providing only
housing to those providing some level of medical services.
-This differs from assisted living because it is often less expensive and the terms
of the level of services provided. Most individuals need to be independent.
-Assisted living facilities are housing options for older adults that provide a
supportive living arrangement for people needing assistance with personal care
but who are not so impaired physically or cognitively that they need 24 hour care.
-An ideal assisted living situation has three essential attributes:
1. The physical environment where a person lives is designed to be as much like a
single family house as possible.
2. The philosophy of care emphasizes personal control, choice and dignity
3. They should meet residents routine services and special needs.
4.
What are nursing homes? What are the characteristics of the residents, and how
are nursing homes evaluated? (pp. 141-145)
-Nursing homes are places where people with serious health problems go.
-A typical nursing resident is a women over age 85, living in a retirement home,
cognitively impaired, widowed or divorced, and no siblings or children living
nearby.
-One way of evaluating them is applying the competence-environmental press
model.
-The goal is to find the optimal level of environmental support for people who
have relatively low levels of competence.
-Important considerations are:
• Quality of life
• Quality of care
5.
What are special care units and why are they important? What are the factors
that can make nursing homes feel like real homes? (pp. 145-147)
-Special care units provide a supportive environment for people with moderate
to severe dementia requires certain specialized design and intervention features.
-They provide a supportive and therapeutic set of programs that help the person
function at the highest level possible.
-The circumstance that help making nursing homes feel like real homes include:
1. Having the time to think about and participate in the placement decision
2. Having prior knowledge and positive experience with a specific facility
3. Defining home predominantly in terms of family and social relationships rather
than in terms of place
4. Being able to establish a kind of continuity between home and nursing home. .
6.
Describe the communication issues associated with nursing home residents.
What kind of advice is offered for communicating with residents? (pp. 147-150)
-Communication predicament is one which younger adults over accommodate
their speech based on their stereotyped expectations of dependence and
incompetence.
-Patronizing speech (secondary baby talk) is inappropriate speech to older adults
that is based on stereotypes of incompetence and dependence.
-Some advice that is offered for communicating with residents is:
• Face older adults when you speak to them
• Ask open ended questions and genuinely listen
• Ask questions about an older adults living situation and social contacts
• Talk about things that person likes
7.
Describe the issues associated with the decision-making capacity of nursing
home residents. Describe the new directions in nursing home design, and
summarize the three examples discussed in the text. (pp. 150-153)
-Assessing a person's capacity to make medical decisions is a challenge for
medical ethics.
-The Patient Self-Determination Act is a law that mandated all facilities receiving
Medicare and Medicaid funds to comply with five requirements.
-There is a lack of agreement between what nursing home residents want and
what their families think they would want
-There are three new developments in nursing home design:
1. The Eden Alternative
- skilled care environments are habitats for people rather than facilities for the
frail.
-Based on 10 principles
2. Green House Project:
-Provide older adults who need skilled nursing care a small, homelike
environment
-Only 6-10 residents live in the dwelling.
3. The Pioneer Network:
-Focuses on changing the culture of aging in America regardless of where older
adults live.
-Major emphasis on making a nursing home more like a home.
8.
L11 -Person-Environment Interactions
Sunday, May 27, 2018
2:06 PM
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Document Summary

Describe the concept of person-environment interactions and the role of kurt lewin. Be sure to include a discussion of adaptation level and the different zones of performance. How do people respond to changes in press or competence according to lawton? (pp. Person-environment interactions means behaviour (b) is a function of both the person (p) and the environment. Theories of person-environment interactions help us understand how people view their environments and how these views may change people as they age. The competence and environmental press model focuses on the relation between the person and the environment. Adaptation level is the area where press level is average for a particular level of competence. Slight increased in press tend to improve performance; this is called zone of maximum performance potential. Slight decreases in the press create the zone of maximum comfort. People respond to changes in two basic ways: proactivity: when people choose new behaviours to meet new desires or needs.

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