PHIL 210 Chapter Notes -Loaded Question, Logical Reasoning, Magical Thinking
28 Oct 2014
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If p then q: q, therefore p. It is not the case that p: therefore, it is not the case that q. Tells us the truth of the antecedent is enough for the truth of the consequent, but the antecedent does not necessarily lead to the truth of the consequent. Scope fallacies: misordering of a universal quantifier (all, every, each) and an existential quantifier (some,a,the,one) resulting in a invalid inference, examples: 1. Every(u. q) person shops for clothes at one(e. q) store in town: there is one (e. q) store in town which every (u. q) person shops for clothing. A scope fallacy is committed when the universal quantifier moves to the existential quantifier. Fallacy of equivocation: to argue by switching meaning. It disguises an invalid inference by using a single expression in two different ways: example: the world expect; which could mean encourage, or predict.
