Module I
Molecular Interactions
INTRODUCTION:
As noted in Unit 1, cells are composed of molecules. Therefore, we will begin our study of cells with a
brief introduction to the chemistry of cells.
In this unit, you will probably recognize terms and concepts that you learned in high school chemistry.
Your goals are to refresh your memory in the areas covered by the unit objectives, and to inform yourself of the
textbook location of other information that may be of interest later on in the course.
The Atom:
This unit starts with an examination of the 3 major components of the atom protons, neutrons, and
electrons. Protons determine the element, varying neutron numbers create isotopes, and electrons allow atoms to
bond together as molecules. Atoms and molecules that gain or lose an electron are called ions. Table 21 lists
the important anions and cations of the body.
• The building blocks of all matter
• Composed of 3 particles
1. Protons • Positively charged
• Found in the nucleus
2. Neutrons • Uncharged
• Found in the nucleus
3. Electrons • Negatively charged
• Orbit around the nucleus
o Covalent bonds, ions, highE electrons, free radicals
Chemical Elements & Associated Symbols:
C Carbon H Hydrogen O Oxygen
N Nitrogen Ca Calcium K Potassium
Mg Magnesium Cl Chlorine Fe Iron
Na Sodium I Iodine P Phosphorus
Differentiate Between the Following:
Atom • The building blocks of all matter composed of protons, neutrons & electrons
Ion • An atom with a net positive or negative charge due to gain or loss of 1+ electrons
Anion • An atom that gains electrons & therefore acquires a negative charge
Cation • An atom that loses electrons & therefore acquires a positive charge
Molecule • When 2+ atoms link by sharing electrons
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Molecular Interactions
4 Bonds Found in Molecules:
Covalent Bonds • Strong bonds that result when atoms share 1+ electrons
• Result in polar or nonpolar molecules
• Most common molecular bond
• Example? H O2
Ionic Bonds • Strong bonds that result when atoms completely gain/lose 1+ electrons
• Oppositely charged molecules attract
• Example? Na + Cl ▯NaCl
Hydrogen Bonds • Weak attractive bonds occurring between H & nearby O, N or F
• Occurs between atoms in parts of the same or neighboring molecules
• Example? 1 H O2molecule may Hbond w/ up to 4 other H O 2olecules
o Responsible for the surface tension of H O
2
Van der Waals Forces • Weak, nonspecific attractions between the nucleus of an atom & the
electrons of nearby atoms
• 2 atoms weakly attracted to one another move closer until electrons begin to
repel one another
• Allow atoms to pack closely together while occupying minimum space
• Single VDW attraction very weak, but multiple stronger
• Example? VWD supplement Hbonds that hold proteins in 3D shape
Polar vs. NonPolar Molecules:
The polar bonds of the water molecule, shown in figure 23, allow other molecules to dissolve, forming
a solution. IP Fluid & Electrolytes: Introduction to Body Fluids, page 7 describes an animation of water as a
solvent. The concentration of the solution is often expressed as molarity, a term you will encounter throughout
+
the course. The concentration of hydrogen ions ([H ]) in solution determines whether a solution is acid or
alkaline (basic). This concentration is measured in terms of pH. IP Fluid & Electrolytes: AcidBase
Homeostasis, pages 312 includes interactive activities in its exploration of the pH of body fluids. It also
introduces the concept of strong and weak acids and bases. The topic of buffers is also introduced. These will be
important in Block C Module 12
Polar NonPolar
Uneven distribution of electrons Even distribution of electrons
Poles δ+ or δ– No poles
Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
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Molecular Interactions
N & O often found in polar molecules C & H often found in nonpolar molecules
Example? H O2 Example? Oil
Aqueous Solutions:
Solution The combination of solutes in solvent
Solute Substances that dissolve in liquids
Solvent Liquids which solutes dissolve into (water is the universal solvent)
Solubility The degree to which a molecule is able to dissolve in a solvent
Hydrophilic Molecules that dissolve readily in water
Hydrophobic Molecules that do not dissolve readily in water
Concentrations of Solutions:
• Often expressed as molarity
Mole • 6.02 x 10 atoms, ions or molecules of a substance
• 1 mole of a substance has the same # particles as 1 mole of any other substance
• However, the mass of 1 mole of a substance depends on the mass of its individual
particles
Molarity • The # of moles of solute in a liter of solution
• Abbreviated as mol/L or M
• Typical biological solution are often expressed as millimoles per liter (mmol/L)
o 1/1000 of a mole
Acids, Bases & Buffers:
Acid Base (Alkaline)
Molecules that contribute H to a solution Solutions that remove H from a solution
pH 07 pH 714
Example? Saliva Example? Soap
pH: • “Power of hydrogen”
+
• The measure of the concentration of H in body fluids
• Scale from 014
o 7 – 7.7 is compatible with human life
• Logarithmic
o A change in 1 unit of pH = 10x Æ or ▯in H ion concentration
o pH = log [H ]
• Reciprocal
o As the H ion concentration Æ, the pH number ▯
Biomolecules:
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Molecular Interactions
This unit includes a brief look at the basic structure and function of the biomolecules carbohydrates,
lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleotides. Noncovalent bonds ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces
allow molecules to maintain complex shapes (figure 210). Figure 213 is a map of how all the chemical
components are related.
Carbohydrates • The most abundant biomolecules used for E, Estorage & structure
• General formula = (CH2O)n
• 3 types of carbohydrate (2 classifications)
o Monosaccharides are the building blocks of complex carbs
Simple sugar ending in ose
5C (ribose) or 6C (glucose AKA dextrose or galactose)
o Disaccharides are formed when glucose combines with another
monosaccharide
Simple sugar ending in ose
o Polysaccharides are used for Estorage or structure
Complex glucose polymer
Glycogen in animals, starch in plants for Estorage
Cellulose in plants, chitin in invertebrates for structure
Lipids • The most structurally diverse biomolecules
• Composed of C, H & O but contain much less oxygen than carbohydrates do
• Nonpolar & therefore not very soluble in water
• Fats if solid at room temperature, oils if liquid at room temperature
• Lipid = glycerol + FA
o Saturated (no DB), monounsat.(1 DB), poly
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